Abstract: A method is disclosed for distributed routing data with latencies using relay nodes. The method includes automatically measuring one-way latencies between a plurality of nodes comprising a first node, a second node, and a relay node, producing a first signal associated with a proof of uptime for the relay node, producing a second signal associated with a proof of bandwidth for the relay node, after the proof of uptime and the proof of bandwidth of the relay node are validated, automatically identifying a relayed data routing path from the first node to the second node via the relay node based on the one-way latencies between the plurality of nodes, in response to a command to transfer data from the first node to the second node, and transferring data from the first node to the second node along the relayed data routing path.

Abstract: A method for autonomously selecting data routing path by a distributed system includes forming a pulse group comprising a plurality of nodes in a computer network, automatically measuring one-way latencies between nodes in the pulse group, recording the one-way latencies in a one-way latency matrix, automatically determining a lower-latency data routing path from a first node to a second node through a relay node using in the one-way latency matrix. The lower-latency data routing path has a lower sum of one-way latencies from the first node to the second node via the relay node than the one-way latency for the direct path between from the first node to the second node. Data is sent from the first node to the second node via the relay node along the lower-latency data routing path. A payment transfer is automatically recorded in response to the data transmission along the lower-latency data routing path.

Abstract: A method for autonomous selection of a data routing path in a computer network includes: forming a pulse group comprising a plurality of nodes in a computer network, automatically sending a plurality of pulse messages from a first node in the pulse group to other nodes in the pulse group, receiving one of the plurality of pulse messages by a second node in the pulse group, automatically computing a first one-way latency for a direct path from the first node to the second node based on a first time stamp and a second time stamp, automatically recording one-way latencies between each pair of nodes in the pulse group in a one-way latency matrix, and automatically determining a low-latency data routing path from the first node to the second node based on the one-way latencies in the one-way latency matrix.

Abstract: A method for autonomously selecting data routing path by a distributed system includes forming a pulse group comprising a plurality of nodes in a computer network, automatically measuring one-way latencies between nodes in the pulse group, recording the one-way latencies in a one-way latency matrix, automatically determining a lower-latency data routing path from a first node to a second node through a relay node using in the one-way latency matrix. The lower-latency data routing path has a lower sum of one-way latencies from the first node to the second node via the relay node than the one-way latency for the direct path between from the first node to the second node. Data is sent from the first node to the second node via the relay node along the lower-latency data routing path. A payment transfer is automatically recorded in response to the data transmission along the lower-latency data routing path.

Abstract: A method for autonomous selection of a data routing path in a computer network includes: forming a pulse group comprising a plurality of nodes in a computer network, automatically sending a plurality of pulse messages from a first node in the pulse group to other nodes in the pulse group, receiving one of the plurality of pulse messages by a second node in the pulse group, automatically computing a first one-way latency for a direct path from the first node to the second node based on a first time stamp and a second time stamp, automatically recording one-way latencies between each pair of nodes in the pulse group in a one-way latency matrix, and automatically determining a low-latency data routing path from the first node to the second node based on the one-way latencies in the one-way latency matrix.

Abstract: A method for autonomously routing data with reduced latencies over the Internet includes sending one or more ping messages from a first node to one or more genesis nodes on the Internet, receiving one of the ping messages from the first node by a first genesis node, sending a reply message to invite the first node to join a pulse group if the first node is selected based on predetermined criteria, automatically measuring one-way latencies between a plurality of nodes in the pulse group, wherein the pulse group includes the first genesis node, a first node, and a second node, automatically removing a node from the pulse group if fluctuations of one-way latencies associated with the node exceed a pre-determined threshold, and automatically determining a lower-latency data routing path from the first node to the second node based on the one-way latencies measured in the pulse group.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for autonomously routing data using relay nodes pre-selected from a group of distributed computer nodes based on measured one-way latencies. One-way latencies between a plurality of nodes in a pulse group are automatically measured. A sending bucket of nodes are automatically selected from the pulse group based on the one-way latencies. A receiving bucket of nodes are automatically selected from the pulse group based on the one-way latencies. In response to a command to transfer data from the first node to the second node, a relay node that is both in the first sending bucket and in the first receiving bucket is automatically selected, wherein data is automatically routed from the first node to the second node via the relay node.

Abstract: A method for autonomous selection of a data routing path in a computer network includes: forming a pulse group comprising a plurality of nodes in a computer network, automatically sending a plurality of pulse messages from a first node in the pulse group to other nodes in the pulse group, receiving one of the plurality of pulse messages by a second node in the pulse group, automatically computing a first one-way latency for a direct path from the first node to the second node based on a first time stamp and a second time stamp, automatically recording one-way latencies between each pair of nodes in the pulse group in a one-way latency matrix, and automatically determining a low-latency data routing path from the first node to the second node based on the one-way latencies in the one-way latency matrix.

Abstract: A method for autonomously selecting low-latency data routing paths across the Internet by a distributed system includes in response to a data transfer need between a first node in a first pulse group and a second node in a second pulse group, automatically forming a third pulse group comprising the first node, the second node, and at least one additional node from the first pulse group or the second pulse group, automatically measuring one-way latencies between nodes in the third pulse group, including a first one-way latency for a direct path from the first node to the second node, automatically determining a lower-latency data routing path from the first node to the second node through a relay node based on the one-way latencies in the third pulse group, and sending data from the first node to the second node along the lower-latency data routing path via the relay node.

Abstract: A method for autonomously selecting data routing path by a distributed system includes forming a pulse group comprising a plurality of nodes in a computer network, automatically measuring one-way latencies between nodes in the pulse group, recording the one-way latencies in a one-way latency matrix, automatically determining a lower-latency data routing path from a first node to a second node through a relay node using in the one-way latency matrix. The lower-latency data routing path has a lower sum of one-way latencies from the first node to the second node via the relay node than the one-way latency for the direct path between from the first node to the second node. Data is sent from the first node to the second node via the relay node along the lower-latency data routing path. A payment transfer is automatically recorded in response to the data transmission along the lower-latency data routing path.