Abstract: A thin-film heating device includes a base layer, a bus bar layer and an electrode layer. The base layer includes a polymeric resistive layer, including conductive filler, in contact with a polymeric dielectric layer. The polymeric resistive layer has a sheet resistance in a range of from about 0.5 ohm/square to about 2 Megaohm/square. The bus bar layer is adhered to the polymeric dielectric layer of the base layer. The bus bar layer includes a first patterned conductive material. The electrode layer includes a second patterned conductive material and is electrically connected to the bus bar layer.

Abstract: In a first aspect, a heating element includes a network of electrically conductive layers comprising a plurality of polymeric resistive layers and two or more electrodes in contact with the network of electrically conductive layers. The polymeric resistive layers have a sheet resistance in a range of from about 0.5 ohm/square to about 2 Megaohm/square. The array of electrodes electrically connects the heating element to a power source. In a second aspect, a forced-convection heating device comprising the heating element of the first aspect.

Abstract: A thin-film heating device includes a base layer, a bus bar layer and an electrode layer. The base layer includes a polymeric resistive layer, including conductive filler, in contact with a polymeric dielectric layer. The polymeric resistive layer has a sheet resistance in a range of from about 0.5 ohm/square to about 2 Megaohm/square. The bus bar layer is adhered to the polymeric dielectric layer of the base layer. The bus bar layer includes a first patterned conductive material. The electrode layer includes a second patterned conductive material and is electrically connected to the bus bar layer.