Abstract: A method of forming a sensor comprising a single layer or multilayer structure; a fluorinated layer having a fluorinated surface on the single layer or multiple layer structure; and a receptor having a fluorinated group on the fluorinated surface, the method comprising treating the fluorinated surface with a surfactant and either depositing the receptor having a fluorinated group onto the fluorinated surface from a formulation comprising one or more solvents in which the receptor is dissolved or dispersed, or depositing a fluorinated compound comprising a fluorinated group onto the fluorinated surface from a formulation comprising one or more solvents in which the fluorinated compound is dissolved or dispersed, and reacting the fluorinated compound or a derivative thereof with a receptor comprising a reactive group to form the receptor having the fluorinated group.