Abstract: Structures and a method of manufacturing an oscillator are disclosed. The structure contains a substrate with a first and a second major surfaces, a first plurality of conductors arranged in a first pattern on the first major surface, and a second plurality of conductors arranged in a second pattern on the second major surface at a first angle to said first plurality of conductors to reflect and transmit incoming RF energy in cross polarization to a polarization of said incoming RF energy. The method disclosed teaches how to manufacture an oscillator using the structure.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a high frequency quasi optical oscillator power source is provided which includes an array of amplifier devices each having an input antenna tuned for a fundamental frequency. A amplifier coupled to the input antenna amplifies fundamental frequency signals. A multiplier coupled to the amplifier provides signals at a multiple of the fundamental frequency and at the fundamental frequency. The output antenna coupled to the multiplier is tuned at the fundamental frequency and at a multiple of the fundamental frequency. A grating lobe-to-main lobe converter located above the array of amplifier devices converts grating lobe power to main lobe power at the multiple of the fundamental frequency. A frequency selective reflector opposes the amplifier array to reflect signals at the fundamental frequency and to pass signals at the multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Abstract: A device for varying the capacitance of an electronic circuit is disclosed. The device comprises a flexible membrane located above the electronic circuit, a metal layer connected to the flexible membrane, and bias circuitry located above the membrane. Variation of the capacitance of the electronic circuit is obtained by pulling the membrane upwards by means of the bias circuitry. The disclosed device provides a sizeable capacitance variation and high Q factor, resulting in overall low filter insertion loss. A nearly constant group delay over a wide operating bandwidth is also obtained.

Abstract: An integrated communication device having a substrate layer of substantially electrically nonconductive material with two substantially parallel surfaces, an antenna element disposed on one of the surfaces, a ground layer of substantially electrically conductive material disposed on the other surface and having an opening formed therethrough opposite from the antenna element, and a transceiver device mounted to the ground layer to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic energy through the opening.

Abstract: An apparatus for frequency up conversion and down conversion using frequency multiplier circuits. The frequency multiplier circuits receive a lower frequency signal and are operated in a forward direction to provide a higher frequency output. The same frequency multiplier circuits are operated in a reverse direction by receiving a higher frequency signal and producing a lower frequency output. The frequency multiplier circuits preferably use heterojunction barrier varactor diodes to eliminate the need for DC bias or idler circuitry.

Abstract: Disclosed is an antenna system including a Luneberg Lens having a spherically shaped outer surface and a spherically shaped focal surface spaced from its outer surface with a plurality of patch antenna elements disposed along the focal surface of the Luneberg Lens; and a power combiner for combining signals received by said plurality of patch antenna elements. The disclosed antenna system may be used a part of a robust GPS system having a plurality of GPS satellites each transmitting a GPS signal; a plurality of airborne GPS platforms, each GPS platform including a GPS transmitter for transmitting its own GPS signal, the GPS signals being transmitted from the plurality of airborne GPS platforms being differentiated from the GPS signals transmitted by visible GPS satellites; and at least one terrestrially located GPS receiver for receiving the GPS signals transmitted by visible ones of the GPS satellites and by visible ones of said airborne GPS platforms.

Abstract: When illuminated with a plane wave a variable cross-coupling partial reflector reflects a specific amount of a cross-polarized field and a specific amount of a co-polarized field and transmits the remaining power with low attenuation. This is achieved with a pair of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) that are rotated with respect to the incident plane wave. The FSSs can be fixed with a given alignment for a particular application or a tuning mechanism can be provided to independently rotate the surfaces and adapt the reflected co- and cross-polarized fields to changing requirements. Of particular interest is the ability to provide a specific amount of cross-polarized reflected power while reflecting no co-polarized field over a certain range of wavelengths. This will be useful to increase power efficiency in, for example, wave power sources that utilize quasi-optical power by causing oscillations in reflection amplifier arrays.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for building three-dimensional spatial power combiners for efficiently combining power from a large number of active devices are being disclosed. The apparatus discloses a plurality of grid amplifiers, each having a major surface, the plurality of grid amplifiers are arranged along an axis that is perpendicular to the major surface of each grid amplifier and spatially separated from each other by a selected resonant distance to generate a standing wave between adjacent grid amplifiers. The method discloses selecting a plurality of grid amplifiers each having a major surface, arranging the plurality of grid amplifiers along an axis that is perpendicular to the major surface of each grid amplifier, selecting a resonance distance, and spatially separating said plurality of grid amplifiers by the resonant distance to generate a standing wave between adjacent grid amplifiers.

Abstract: A method for guiding waves over objects, a method for improving a performance of an antenna, and a method for improving a performance of a radar are disclosed. The methods disclosed teach how an impedance structure can be used to guide waves over objects.

Abstract: An apparatus for frequency up conversion and down conversion using frequency multiplier circuits. The frequency multiplier circuits receive a lower frequency signal and are operated in a forward direction to provide a higher frequency output. The same frequency multiplier circuits are operated in a reverse direction by receiving a higher frequency signal and producing a lower frequency output. The frequency multiplier circuits preferably use heterojunction barrier varactor diodes to eliminate the need for DC bias or idler circuitry.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for operating a single quasi-optical structure are disclosed. The apparatus operates as an amplifier or an oscillator. The method disclosed teaches how to operate the single quasi-optical structure as an amplifier or an oscillator.

Abstract: A device for varying the capacitance of an electronic circuit is disclosed. The device comprises a flexible membrane located above the electronic circuit, a metal layer connected to the flexible membrane, and bias circuitry located above the membrane. Variation of the capacitance of the electronic circuit is obtained by pulling the membrane upwards by means of the bias circuitry. The disclosed device provides a sizeable capacitance variation and high Q factor, resulting in overall low filter insertion loss. A nearly constant group delay over a wide operating bandwidth is also obtained.

Abstract: Disclosed is an antenna system including a Luneberg Lens having a spherically shaped outer surface and a spherically shaped focal surface spaced from its outer surface with a plurality of patch antenna elements disposed along the focal surface of the Luneberg Lens; and a power combiner for combining signals received by said plurality of patch antenna elements. The disclosed antenna system may be used a part of a robust GPS system having a plurality of GPS satellites each transmitting a GPS signal; a plurality of airborne GPS platforms, each GPS platform including a GPS transmitter for transmitting its own GPS signal, the GPS signals being transmitted from the plurality of airborne GPS platforms being differentiated from the GPS signals transmitted by visible GPS satellites; and at least one terrestrially located GPS receiver for receiving the GPS signals transmitted by visible ones of the GPS satellites and by visible ones of said airborne GPS platforms.

Abstract: A dual-band monopole antenna includes a ground plane. A metal plate is located a first distance from the ground plane and includes first and second portions connecting to form a first angle therebetween. A slot is formed in the metal plate that isolates a center portion of the metal plate. The dual-band monopole antenna communicates first radio frequency (RF) signals in a first RF band and second RF signals in a second RF band. A feed tab contacts an outer surface of the metal plate and is located the first distance from the ground plane. The first RF signals and the second RF signals are vertical polarized signals. The dual-band monopole antenna produces a radiation pattern that is omnidirectional in the azimuth plane and vertically polarized in a horizontal plane. The first RF band and the second RF band are independently tuned.

Abstract: An antenna array comprises a substrate; a plurality of projecting, tapering structures disposed in an array and attached to a first major surface of said substrate, the plurality of projecting, tapering structures defining a plurality of waveguides therebetween; and a plurality of box-shaped structures disposed in an array and attached to a second major surface of the substrate, the plurality of box-shaped structures defining a plurality of waveguides therebetween, the plurality of waveguides defined by the plurality of projecting, tapering structures aligning with the plurality of waveguides defined by the plurality of box-shaped structures. The substrate includes a plurality of probes for feeding the plurality waveguides.

Abstract: A device for varying the capacitance of an electronic circuit is disclosed. The device comprises a flexible membrane located above the electronic circuit, a metal layer connected to the flexible membrane, and bias circuitry located above the membrane. Variation of the capacitance of the electronic circuit is obtained by pulling the membrane upwards by means of the bias circuitry. The disclosed device provides a sizeable capacitance variation and high Q factor, resulting in overall low filter insertion loss. A nearly constant group delay over a wide operating bandwidth is also obtained.

Abstract: A low profile, wide band gap antenna having a high impedance surface, the high impedance surface including a conductive plane and an array of conductive elements spaced from the conductive plane by a distance which is no greater than 10% of a wavelength of an operating frequency of the antenna structure. The conductive plane has an opening therein which is driven by an antenna driving element adjacent the opening in the conductive plane.

Abstract: A travelling waveguide antenna has top and bottom spaced plates, the top plate having radiating apertures extending therethrough. The apertures have inclined surfaces facing one another to provide an outward flare of the apertures.

Abstract: A method for designing a multiple layer frequency selective surface structure. An overall response for the structure is specified. The desired response may be modeled as a filter response. Parameters for each of the layers making up the structure that provide the overall response are determined based on the polarization modes between the layers being decoupled. To provide for decoupling, the individual layers are rotated with respect to each other. The overall response of the structure is then calculated and compared to the desired response. Adjustments are made in the parameters of each layer until the calculated response is equal or nearly equal to the desired response.

Abstract: Disclosed is an antenna system including a Luneberg Lens having a spherically shaped outer surface and a spherically shaped focal surface spaced from its outer surface with a plurality of patch antenna elements disposed along the focal surface of the Luneberg Lens; and a power combiner for combining signals received by said plurality of patch antenna elements. The disclosed antenna system may be used a part of a robust GPS system having a plurality of GPS satellites each transmitting a GPS signal; a plurality of airborne GPS platforms, each GPS platform including a GPS transmitter for transmitting its own GPS signal, the GPS signals being transmitted from the plurality of airborne GPS platforms being differentiated from the GPS signals transmitted by visible GPS satellites; and at least one terrestrially located GPS receiver for receiving the GPS signals transmitted by visible ones of the GPS satellites and by visible ones of said airborne GPS platforms.