Abstract: A gaseous nitric oxide (NO) sensor having a working electrode configured such to induce NO molecules proximate the working electrode to undergo an electrochemical oxidation reaction. The electrochemical oxidation reaction transfers electrons from the NO molecules to the working electrode, creating a measurable current corresponding to the NO concentration within the fluid sample. An external membrane can be deposited onto the working electrode to separate the fluid sample from the working electrode. The external membrane can comprise an ionomer selectively permitting diffusion of NO molecules through the external membrane from the fluid sample to the working electrode. In an example, the fluid sample can be heated to a predetermined temperature to facilitate dissociation of NO from its hemoglobin bonded forms proximate the external membrane.

Abstract: An exemplary apparatus for measuring nitric oxide in a fluid includes a sample injection port; a pump and reservoir; a valve; a measurement chamber; an electromagnetic radiation source; controls and user interface; and a cartridge. The cartridge includes a sample chamber a mix chamber; a sample degassing chamber; and a planar reaction chamber. The cartridge preferably is single-use and disposable. Furthermore, additional inventive aspects and features are disclosed related to measuring nitric oxide in a fluid.

Abstract: Amount of combined nitric oxide or nitric oxide presented as iron nitrosyls in a blood sample is determined by directing a low power electromagnetic radiation beam at a blood sample to liberate nitric oxide gas, dissolving the liberated nitric oxide gas and electrochemically detecting amount of dissolved nitric oxide gas.

Abstract: Patients having a disease associated with high level of thioredoxin system activity or a requirement for nitric oxide, e.g. large cell lymphoma or restenosis, are treated with a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, e.g. auranofin or arsenic trioxide, and a nitric oxide donating compound, e.g. isosorbide mononitrite or isosorbide dinitrite or nitroglycerin or S-nittrosothiol. Patients having a disease associated with nitric oxide synthase overexpression or increased activity, e.g. Parkinson's disease or septic shock or pancreatic cancer, are treated with Trx/Trx reductase upregulator, e.g. aptamer that binds to thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, and agent causing depletion of nitric oxide (or adduct thereof), e.g. L-NMMA or L-NAME or minocycline or ascorbate or N-acetylcysteine.

Abstract: Amount of combined nitric oxide or nitric oxide present as iron nitrosyls in a blood sample is determined by directing a low power electromagnetic radiation beam at a blood sample to liberate nitric oxide gas, dissolving the liberated nitric oxide gas and electrochemically detecting amount of dissolved nitric oxide gas.

Abstract: The presently disclosed subject matter provides methods for increasing perfusion in hypoxic regions of tissues in subjects. Also provided are methods for treating diseases and/or disorders associated with hypoxia in subjects, methods for increasing sensitivity of tumors to radiation and/or chemotherapy treatments, methods for delaying tumor growth in subjects, and methods for inhibiting tumor blood vessel growth in subjects. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods involve administering to subjects in need thereof a first composition selected from the group consisting of a nitrosylated hemoglobin and an agent that induces nitrosylation of endogenous hemoglobin in the subject and a second composition comprising a hyperoxic gas. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods also include treating a tumor with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, or combinations thereof. Also provided are inhalable gases that can be employed in the presently disclosed methods.

Abstract: Amount of combined nitric oxide or nitric oxide presented as iron nitrosyls in a blood sample is determined by directing a low power electromagnetic radiation beam at a blood sample to liberate nitric oxide gas, dissolving the liberated nitric oxide gas and electrochemically detecting amount of dissolved nitric oxide gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of treatment of pulmonary disorders associated with hypoxemia and/or smooth muscle constriction and/or inflammation; treatment of cardiac and blood disorders; treatment of patient in need of improved oxygenation, blood flow of and/or thinning of blood and method of screening drugs that increase level of nitrosoglutathione in airway lining fluid.

Abstract: A body part is preserved using nitric oxide and/or a nitric oxide donor that does not directly release nitric oxide or a red blood cell nitrosylating agent, preferably ethyl nitrite to facilitate oxygen supply. A subject at risk for developing high altitude illness is administered a red blood nitrosylating agent in gaseous form that does not directly release nitric oxide, preferably ethyl nitrite.

Abstract: Avicins and other thioesterification agents are used to modify cysteine groups of signaling proteins in order to modify their activity. Pathologies associated with signaling proteins which are regulatable through this method are treated using these thioesterification agents. These pathologies include those involving proteins which modulate physiologic redox status of organisms including arthersclerosis, cancer, bacterial infection, inflammation, and neurological disorders.

Abstract: This present invention relates to methods, compositions, and kits useful for treating a patient having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with decreased expression of ?2 adrenergic receptors or need for increased 132 adrenergic receptor activity.

Abstract: Patients needing NO donor therapy or inhibition of pathologically proliferating cells or increased NO bioactivity are treated with a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase.

Abstract: The presently disclosed subject matter provides methods for increasing perfusion in hypoxic regions of tissues in subjects. Also provided are methods for treating diseases and/or disorders associated with hypoxia in subjects, methods for increasing sensitivity of tumors to radiation and/or chemotherapy treatments, methods for delaying tumor growth in subjects, and methods for inhibiting tumor blood vessel growth in subjects. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods involve administering to subjects in need thereof a first composition selected from the group consisting of a nitrosylated hemoglobin and an agent that induces nitrosylation of endogenous hemoglobin in the subject and a second composition comprising a hyperoxic gas. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods also include treating a tumor with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, or combinations thereof. Also provided are inhalable gases that can be employed in the presently disclosed methods.

Abstract: Those in need of nitroglycerin (GTN) therapy who have polymorphism in the mtALDH gene, e.g., those of Asian descent for whom this polymorphism is common, and/or who are being treated with or ingesting or exposed to mtALDH inhibitor are treated with GTN in combination with agent which converts GTN to product which is metabolized without mtALDH activity, e.g., N-acetylcysteine.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for modulating the levels and/or activity of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in vivo or in vitro. Specifically disclosed are GSNOR deletion constructs, host cells and non-human mammals comprising GSNOR deletions, and methods of screening employing GSNOR deletion mutants. Also specifically disclosed are reagents and procedures for measuring, monitoring, or altering GSNOR levels or activity (as well as nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiol levels) in connection with various medical conditions.

Abstract: The presently disclosed subject matter provides methods for increasing perfusion in hypoxic regions of tissues in subjects. Also provided are methods for treating diseases and/or disorders associated with hypoxia in subjects, methods for increasing sensitivity of tumors to radiation and/or chemotherapy treatments, methods for delaying tumor growth in subjects, and methods for inhibiting tumor blood vessel growth in subjects. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods involve administering to subjects in need thereof a first composition selected from the group consisting of a nitrosylated hemoglobin and an agent that induces nitrosylation of endogenous hemoglobin in the subject and a second composition comprising a hyperoxic gas. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods also include treating a tumor with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, or combinations thereof. Also provided are inhalable gases that can be employed in the presently disclosed methods.

Abstract: Patients needing NO donor therapy or inhibition of pathologically proliferating cells or increased NO bioactivity are treated with a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase.

Abstract: The presently disclosed subject matter provides methods for increasing perfusion in hypoxic regions of tissues in subjects. Also provided are methods for treating diseases and/or disorders associated with hypoxia in subjects, methods for increasing sensitivity of tumors to radiation and/or chemotherapy treatments, methods for delaying tumor growth in subjects, and methods for inhibiting tumor blood vessel growth in subjects. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods involve administering to subjects in need thereof a first composition selected from the group consisting of a nitrosylated hemoglobin and an agent that induces nitrosylation of endogenous hemoglobin in the subject and a second composition comprising a hyperoxic gas. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods also include treating a tumor with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, or combinations thereof. Also provided are inhalable gases that can be employed in the presently disclosed methods.

Abstract: A body part is preserved using nitric oxide and/or a nitric oxide donor that does not directly release nitric oxide or a red blood cell nitrosylating agent, preferably ethyl nitrite to facilitate oxygen supply. A subject at risk for developing high altitude illness is administered a red blood nitrosylating agent in gaseous form that does not directly release nitric oxide, preferably ethyl nitrite.

Abstract: Patients needing NO donor therapy or inhibition of pathologically proliferating cells or increased NO bioactivity are treated with a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase.