Abstract: A method for identifying the viability of ischemic myocardium of a patient. The method includes the steps of measuring in real-time the ischemic myocardium of a beating or non-beating heart. There is the step of determining in real-time whether the ischemic myocardium of the beating or non-beating heart is stunned or is nonviable. An apparatus for identifying the viability of ischemic myocardium of a patient's heart. The apparatus includes an electrode array having at least four electrodes for electrical communication with the heart which produces an array signal. The apparatus includes a processor portion in communication with the array which receives the array signal and determines in real-time whether the ischemic myocardium of the heart is stunned or is nonviable. An apparatus for analyzing living tissue. The apparatus includes an electrode array having at least four electrodes for electrical communication with the tissue which produces an array signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improving the resolution of macromolecules during electrophoresis. A method of creating an electrical field-rectifying fractionation-ratchet includes obtaining a fractionated particle that has an electrophoretic mobility that varies when an electric field varies, applying a pulsed electrical field to the fractionated particle, and varying a plurality of pulses of the electrical field repeatedly. Another method includes preparative gel electrophoresis that utilizes a continuous fractionation method made possible by an electrophoretic ratchet-generating field. Another method includes implementing cyclic electrophoresis including analyzing a sample by constant field electrophoresis; and enhancing the sample by an electrophoretic ratchet. Another method includes error checking during cyclic electrophoresis comprising: analyzing a sample by constant field electrophoresis; checking for errors in the sample; and enhancing the sample by an electrophoretic ratchet.