Abstract: The invention relates to a refrigerant system for a motor vehicle comprising a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator. A pressure sensor measures the discharge pressure at the outlet of the compressor, and a temperature sensor measures the ambient temperature at the condenser. Based on the measured values of pressure and temperature, a controller) estimates the power consumption of the compressor. Said estimation may then be used to control the power generation of the engine accordingly.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling exhaust gas recirculation flow of an internal combustion engine uses a feedforward estimate based on throttle position in addition to a feedback term based on a measured pressure differential across an orifice indicative of flow. The throttle position acts as a as a leading signal thus compensating for inherent delays in the exhaust gas recirculation flow control system.

Abstract: A flame ionization detector comprises a housing forming a flame chamber for burning a mixture of hydrogen, oxidant and a sample gas. The flame chamber includes: a nozzle in which the sample gas and hydrogen are intimately mixed prior to injection, an igniter for igniting the gas emitted from the nozzle, inlets for hydrogen and oxidant, and an exhaust outlet through which the burnt gases are removed. A collector electrode is electrically insulated from the housing of the flame chamber. The nozzle and flame chamber housing are electrically grounded, and the collector electrode is maintained at a predetermined potential relative to ground. A pre-chamber is disposed adjacent to the flame chamber to provide a substantially constant pressure input of the sample gas to the nozzle.