Abstract: A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

Abstract: A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

Abstract: A process for converting lignocelluloses selectively into liquid fuels and fine chemicals uses one step of reaction and one step of isolation and separation. The process has the fewest steps of operation for converting biomass into products compared with all known biorefining processes.

Abstract: Lignocelluloses are selectively hydrolyzed into only two kinds of products in an one-pot, quantitative reaction. Lignin is reduced into small molecular aromatics without using reductants. Simultaneously, cellulose and hemicellulose are oxidized into small organic acids without using oxidants. A catalytic method is invented for oxygen-transfer from lignin to cellulose or hemicellulose. There is neither gasification nor black tar formation observed during the hydrolytic depolymerization.

Abstract: A gear pump system comprises a gear pump having an inlet, an outlet, and at least one rotating gear for pumping fluid from the inlet to the outlet and producing an output flow characterized by pressure pulses arising from the geometry of the teeth of the gear; and at least one valve operative to vary the output flow in timed relation to the rotation of the gear for counteracting the pressure pulses, thereby to reduce the amplitude of the pressure pulses.

Abstract: A gear pump comprising a gear chamber having opposite side walls; a pair of gears disposed within the gear chamber with teeth thereof meshed with one another, the meshed teeth forming a trap region in which fluid becomes entrapped during rotation of the gears; inlet and outlet chambers on opposite sides of the meshed teeth of the gears and separated from one another by the meshed teeth of the gears; a ripple chamber; and a first passage connecting the ripple chamber to the trap region, whereby the trapped high pressure fluid will flow from the trap region to the ripple chamber to dampen the otherwise generated high pressure pulse.