Abstract: A mechanochemical ammonia synthesis method according to an embodiment includes: (a) ball-milling Fe particles with balls under a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere; and (b) ball-milling the Fe particles ball-milled under the nitrogen (N2) atmosphere, with balls under a hydrogen (H2) atmosphere.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate an output voltage from an input voltage, includes an inductor, an output capacitor configured to generate the output voltage based on a current passing through the inductor, a flying capacitor, and a plurality of switches. The plurality of switches are configured to operate in at least one of a buck-boost mode or a boost mode to, charge the flying capacitor to the input voltage in a first phase, and provide a boosted voltage from the flying capacitor to the inductor in a second phase, the boosted voltage being generated by charge pumping from the input voltage.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate a level-controlled output voltage from an input voltage, the switching regulator includes an inductor, an output capacitor configured to generate the level-controlled output voltage based on a current flowing through the inductor, at least two flying capacitors, and a plurality of switches configured to form electrical connections when the switching regulator operates in a first operating mode to, alternately charge each of the at least two flying capacitors using the input voltage, and provide a first boosted voltage to the inductor using a charged flying capacitor among the at least two flying capacitors.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate an output voltage based on an input voltage is provided. The switching regulator includes: an inductor; and a capacitor circuit configured to generate the output voltage by charging an inductor current passing through the inductor from the input voltage, provide a first capacitance as a load capacitance based on the output voltage being a first level or a second level, and provide a second capacitance, which is less than the first capacitance, as the load capacitance based on the output voltage being between the first level to the second level.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate a level-controlled output voltage from an input voltage, the switching regulator includes an inductor, an output capacitor configured to generate the level-controlled output voltage based on a current flowing through the inductor, at least two flying capacitors, and a plurality of switches configured to form electrical connections when the switching regulator operates in a first operating mode to, alternately charge each of the at least two flying capacitors using the input voltage, and provide a first boosted voltage to the inductor using a charged flying capacitor among the at least two flying capacitors.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate an output voltage from an input voltage, includes an inductor, an output capacitor configured to generate the output voltage based on a current passing through the inductor, a flying capacitor, and a plurality of switches. The plurality of switches are configured to operate in at least one of a buck-boost mode or a boost mode to, charge the flying capacitor to the input voltage in a first phase, and provide a boosted voltage from the flying capacitor to the inductor in a second phase, the boosted voltage being generated by charge pumping from the input voltage.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate an output voltage from an input voltage, includes an inductor, an output capacitor configured to generate the output voltage based on a current passing through the inductor, a flying capacitor, and a plurality of switches. The plurality of switches are configured to operate in at least one of a buck-boost mode or a boost mode to, charge the flying capacitor to the input voltage in a first phase, and provide a boosted voltage from the flying capacitor to the inductor in a second phase, the boosted voltage being generated by charge pumping from the input voltage.

Abstract: A switching regulator configured to generate an output voltage based on an input voltage is provided. The switching regulator includes: an inductor; and a capacitor circuit configured to generate the output voltage by charging an inductor current passing through the inductor from the input voltage, provide a first capacitance as a load capacitance based on the output voltage being a first level or a second level, and provide a second capacitance, which is less than the first capacitance, as the load capacitance based on the output voltage being between the first level to the second level.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing edge-functionalized graphite with phosphoric acid. According to the method, graphite is pulverized into smaller pieces and is then exposed to an atmosphere containing oxygen and water. The method enables the production of graphite functionalized with phosphoric acid groups, which could not be achieved by conventional mechanochemical methods. In addition, the method is carried out in a very simple and economical manner and is suitable for large-scale production.

Abstract: Disclosed are boron/nitrogen co-doped graphene for semiconductor applications and a method for producing the same. The boron/nitrogen co-doping allows the use of the doped graphene in a wider variety of applications, including semiconductors. In contrast, graphene structures produced by conventional methods have good physical, chemical, and electrical stability but cannot be used in semiconductor applications due to the absence of band gaps therein. In addition, the boron/nitrogen co-doping makes the doped graphene highly dispersible in organic solvents.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing edge-functionalized graphite or graphene with fluoro groups. According to the method, graphite is pulverized into smaller pieces and is then allowed to react with a surrounding material containing fluorine or a fluorocarbon compound. The method enables the production of graphite or graphene functionalized with fluoro groups, which could not be achieved by conventional mechanochemical methods. In addition, the method is carried out in a very simple and economical manner and is suitable for large-scale production.

Abstract: The present invention includes novel ether-ketone hyperbranched polymers that are prepared from polymerizing trimesic acid and bifunctional phenylether-based liquid or low-melting monomers, which melt at or below polymerization temperature. The resulting copolymer has repeating units of the formula: wherein m is the degree of polymerization; n has a value of 0-5; the ratio x:y corresponds to the molar ratio of trimesic acid and arylether monomer and may range from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:1.5 (i.e. x=1, y=1.0, 1.1, 1.2 . . . 1.5); and the substitution pattern of the arylether segment may be para or meta. The endgroups may be carboxylic acid (—CO2H), oxyphenyl (—OPh), or mixture of both moieties, depending on the reaction ratio x:y used. The total number of endgroups is typically defined by m+1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing edge-functionalized graphite with phosphoric acid. According to the method, graphite is pulverized into smaller pieces and is then exposed to an atmosphere containing oxygen and water. The method enables the production of graphite functionalized with phosphoric acid groups, which could not be achieved by conventional mechanochemical methods. In addition, the method is carried out in a very simple and economical manner and is suitable for large-scale production.

Abstract: Disclosed are boron/nitrogen co-doped graphene for semiconductor applications and a method for producing the same. The boron/nitrogen co-doping allows the use of the doped graphene in a wider variety of applications, including semiconductors. In contrast, graphene structures produced by conventional methods have good physical, chemical, and electrical stability but cannot be used in semiconductor applications due to the absence of band gaps therein. In addition, the boron/nitrogen co-doping makes the doped graphene highly dispersible in organic solvents.

Abstract: Disclosed is & melted for producing edge-functionalized graphite or graphene with fluoro groups. According to the method, graphite is pulverized into smaller pieces and is then, allowed to react with a surrounding material containing fluorine or a fluorocarbon compound. The method enables the production of graphite or grapheme functionalized with fluoro groups, which could not be achieved by conventional mechanochemical methods. In addition, the method is carried out in a very simple and economical manner and is suitable for large-scale production.

Abstract: A poly(ether-ketone) composite of the formula: wherein CNF is carbon nanofibers and MWNT is multi-walled carbon nanotubes; wherein Ar represents ether-ketone repeating groups of the formula wherein Q is —O— or —O—(CH2)n—O—, wherein n has a value of 2-12; wherein R is —H, —CH3, or —C2H5, m has a value of 1 or 2; wherein R? is —H or —CH3; and wherein — denoted the presence of a direct C—C bond between Ar and CNF or MWNTg Also provided is a process for preparing the composite.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there are provided hyperbranched benzobisazole polymers having repeating units of the formulas: and hyperbranched bibenzazole polymers having repeating units of the formulas: wherein Q is —S— or —NH—; the terminal groups X and Y are COOH and respectively, with their total number (X+Y) equals n+1, where n=degree of polymerization. The ratio X:Y can be controlled by varying the stoichiometric ratio of trimesic acid (A3 monomer) and 2,5-diamino-1,4-dimercaptobenzene dihydrochloride (B2 monomer) from 1:1 to 1.1.35.

Abstract: Hyperbranched benzazole polymers having repeating units of the formula: wherein Q is —O—, —S— or —NH—, and the terminal groups R are carboxylic acids with their total number equals n+1. A generic method for preparing the polymers is provided. Also provided are the star block copolymers derived from these hyperbranched benzazole polymers and linear poly(ether-ketones) having the following generic formula where x and y are the numbers of repeat units for each poly(ether-ketone) chain; the placement of the carbonyl moieties in the repeat units of the poly(ether-ketone) chains can be either meta or para to the phenoxy groups; the maximal number of poly(ether-ketone) chains is n+1, where n=number of repeat units for hyperbranched polybenzazole). A general method for synthesizing these star block copolymers is provided.

Abstract: Functionalized nanoscale carbon fibers and tubes of the formula: wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R is selected from the group consisting of H, H3C—(CH2)n— and wherein n has a value of 0–10. Also provided is a process for functionalizing nanoscale carbon fibers or tubes.

Abstract: A novel AB2 monomer, 2,3-bis(4-phenyloxyphenyl)-6-quinoxaline carboxylic acid.