Abstract: An apparatus and method for processing a substrate can reduce the concentration of process by-products in a chemical solution.

Abstract: A sheet frame module capable of forming an airtight line and flow path of reaction gas by bonding a plurality of sheet frames configured in a flat shape separately from a separator, and a unit cell for a fuel cell including the same, is disposed between a pair of separators for a fuel cell to form an airtight line and flow path of reaction gas, and includes a center sheet frame in which a membrane electrode assembly is disposed at a center portion thereof; a first side sheet frame disposed between one side of the center sheet frame and one of the pair of separators to form an airtight line and flow path of a first reaction gas; and a second side sheet frame disposed between the other side of the center sheet frame and another of the pair of separators to form an airtight line and flow path of a second reaction gas.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a lower stacked structure with lower metal lines on a substrate, an upper stacked structure with an upper metal line on the lower stacked structure, a vertical structure penetrating the upper and lower stacked structures and including a channel layer, a first cutting line through the upper and lower stacked structures, an upper supporter in a recess on the first cutting line, a second cutting line through the upper and lower stacked structures and spaced apart from the first cutting line, a sub-cutting line through the upper stacked structure while at least partially overlapping the vertical structure in the vertical direction, the sub-cutting line being between the first and second cutting lines, top surfaces of the upper supporter and sub-cutting line being coplanar, and a first interlayer insulating layer surrounding a sidewall of each of the upper supporter and the sub-cutting line.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a storage chamber having an opening; a drawer type door to open or close the opening; a display positioned at the drawer type door; a first connector provided at a sidewall of the storage chamber; a second connector provided at the drawer type door and being electrically connected to the display; a first frame coupled to an inner wall of the storage chamber, the first frame to cover the first connector; a second frame coupled to the drawer type door, the second frame to support a storage box; and a wire electrically connected between the first connector and the second connector. The first frame has a first accommodating part to accommodate one portion of the wire and the second frame has a second accommodating part to accommodate another portion of the wire.

Abstract: The disclosure is related to a method for controlling an electric power consumption amount of a consumer by a server coupled to a smart grid for managing electric power distribution. The method may include receiving signals having information on electric power consumption amounts from a meter of a consumer through a communication network, determining an electric power consumption pattern of the consumer based on the information on electric power consumption amounts, calculating electric power supply amounts for a predetermined time period based on the determined electric power consumption pattern of the consumer, and transmitting a control signal to the meter of the consumer through a communication network for controlling an electric power consumption amount of the consumer based on the calculated electric power supply amounts.

Abstract: Described embodiments relate to providing a multimedia contents service to user equipment associated with an electric vehicle located in an electric vehicle charging station through a wireless access point. The wireless access point may allocate an Internet Protocol (IP) address to user equipment associated with an electric vehicle located in an electric vehicle charging station in response to a connection request message received from the user equipment. Then, the wireless access point may transmit a request message to a service server with user identification information of the user equipment and the assigned IP address. In response to the request message, the wireless access point may receive predetermined multimedia contents and deliver the received predetermined multimedia contents to the user equipment based on the assigned IP address.

Abstract: The disclosure is related to a method for controlling an electric power consumption amount of a consumer by a server coupled to a smart grid for managing electric power distribution. The method may include receiving signals having information on electric power consumption amounts from a meter of a consumer through a communication network, determining an electric power consumption pattern of the consumer based on the information on electric power consumption amounts, calculating electric power supply amounts for a predetermined time period based on the determined electric power consumption pattern of the consumer, and transmitting a control signal to the meter of the consumer through a communication network for controlling an electric power consumption amount of the consumer based on the calculated electric power supply amounts.

Abstract: Described embodiments relate to providing a multimedia contents service to user equipment associated with an electric vehicle located in an electric vehicle charging station through a wireless access point. The wireless access point may allocate an Internet Protocol (IP) address to user equipment associated with an electric vehicle located in an electric vehicle charging station in response to a connection request message received from the user equipment. Then, the wireless access point may transmit a request message to a service server with user identification information of the user equipment and the assigned IP address. In response to the request message, the wireless access point may receive predetermined multimedia contents and deliver the received predetermined multimedia contents to the user equipment based on the assigned IP address.

Abstract: A mobile terminal and an operation method for the same based on memory state changes are provided. The operation method includes detecting a transition between memory states of a memory unit; performing operation control by placing and releasing memory usage restrictions on and from at least one of an application program previously loaded in the memory unit and an application program newly loaded in the memory unit based on the detected memory state transition.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for displaying a background picture of a Short Message Service (SMS) message and a terminal thereof. The method includes extracting a telephone number of a sender of the SMS message from the received SMS message and checking whether the extracted telephone number of the sender is listed in the telephone directory when the received SMS message is requested to be output; checking whether a unique background picture has been set to correspond to the extracted telephone number of the sender if the extracted telephone number of the sender is listed in the telephone directory; and displaying the contents of the received SMS messages in the set background picture if a unique background picture has been set to correspond to the extracted telephone number of the sender.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing carbon nanotubes and a carbon nanotube synthesizing apparatus used for the same are provided. A catalyst is introduced into the reactor, and the catalyst in the reactor is selectively and locally heated by a heating method such as microwave irradiation, electromagnetic inductive heating, radio frequency heating or laser heating. Here, carbon source gas, carbon source gas and hydrogen sulfide gas, or carbon source gas and hydrogen gas or inert gas is supplied into the reactor, thereby growing carbon nanotubes from the locally heated catalyst.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing carbon nanotubes and a carbon nanotube synthesizing apparatus used for the same are provided. A catalyst is introduced into the reactor, and the catalyst in the reactor is selectively and locally heated by a heating method such as microwave irradiation, electromagnetic inductive heating, radio frequency heating or laser heating. Here, carbon source gas, carbon source gas and hydrogen sulfide gas, or carbon source gas and hydrogen gas or inert gas is supplied into the reactor, thereby growing carbon nanotubes from the locally heated catalyst.