Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for a fuel cell electrode including an active particle which includes a core comprising platinum, a transition metal excluding platinum, and an oxide of a non-transition metal; and a shell disposed on the core and including platinum, wherein the active particle includes platinum and the non-transition metal in a molar ratio of 100:1.80 to 100:4.00, a method of preparing the same, and a fuel cell including the same.

Abstract: A method for sub-port multicasting in an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching system, including inserting multicast fan-out port information for sub-ports of each of a plurality of switch ports into a multicast cell at an ingress port card, transmitting the multicast cell to an egress port card, reading the multicast fan-out port information from the multicast cell at the egress port card, and performing multicasting for the sub-ports corresponding to the multicast fan-out port information.

Abstract: A cell processing method and apparatus in an ATM switch can reduce or prevent cell loss and throughput deterioration of the switch caused by HOL blocking. The cell processing method can include storing unicast cells and multicast cells in a shared buffer memory and storing addresses of the respective cells in different address queues, assigning respective priorities to the cells stored in the shared buffer memory, reading out the cells from the shared buffer memory according to the assigned priorities, and sending the cells read out from the shared buffer memory to fan-out ports and determining the cell to be output when multiple cells reach a fan-out port. The processing apparatus can include a buffer that stores cells inputted to the ATM switch, multicast connection identifier (MCI) address queues that store buffer addresses of multicast cells and unicast address queues for storing buffer addresses of unicast cells.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to generating a bundle of data (e.g. a packet). The bundle of data may comprise cells from a first queue and a second queue. All of the cells in the first queue are each independent. At least two cells of the second queue are dependent.

Abstract: A cell processing method and apparatus in an ATM switch can reduce or prevent cell loss and throughput deterioration of the switch caused by HOL blocking. The cell processing method can include storing unicast cells and multicast cells in a shared buffer memory and storing addresses of the respective cells in different address queues, assigning respective priorities to the cells stored in the shared buffer memory, reading out the cells from the shared buffer memory according to the assigned priorities, and sending the cells read out from the shared buffer memory to fan-out ports and determining the cell to be output when multiple cells reach a fan-out port. The processing apparatus can include a buffer that stores cells inputted to the ATM switch, multicast connection identifier (MCI) address queues that store buffer addresses of multicast cells and unicast address queues for storing buffer addresses of unicast cells.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to generating a bundle of data (e.g. a packet). The bundle of data may comprise cells from a first queue and a second queue. All of the cells in the first queue are each independent. At least two cells of the second queue are dependent.

Abstract: A method for sub-port multicasting in an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching system, including inserting multicast fan-out port information for sub-ports of each of a plurality of switch ports into a multicast cell at an ingress port card, transmitting the multicast cell to an egress port card, reading the multicast fan-out port information from the multicast cell at the egress port card, and performing multicasting for the sub-ports corresponding to the multicast fan-out port information.