Abstract: Provided are a method for generating a summary and a system therefor. The method according to some embodiments may include calculating a likelihood loss for a summary model using a first text sample and a first summary sentence corresponding to the first text sample, calculating an unlikelihood loss for the summary model using a second text sample and the first summary sentence, the second text sample being a negative sample generated from the first text sample, and updating the summary model based on the likelihood loss and the unlikelihood loss.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surface modifier for electrolytic nickel plating including at least one carboxyl group-containing compound and a nickel electroplating solution including the surface modifier. The use of the nickel electroplating solution according to the present invention enables efficient formation of a plated nickel layer with high surface roughness and mattness even without performing strong electrolysis, unlike in the prior art.

Abstract: A touch panel includes a cover substrate having an active area and an unactive area. A printing layer is provided on the unactive area, and a sensing electrode is provided on the active area with a wire electrode connected with the sensing electrode. The printing layer includes a first printing layer on the cover substrate and a second printing layer provided on the first printing layer. The second printing layer has a width different from a width of the first printing layer, and the wire electrode is interposed between the first and second printing layers.

Abstract: An air conditioning device is provided. The air conditioning device includes a distribution device that distributes refrigerant from an outdoor unit to a plurality of indoor units, and that receives refrigerant from the plurality of indoor units and supplies the received refrigerant to the outdoor unit. The distribution device may reduce the length of pipes used to connect the plurality of indoor units and the outdoor unit and facilitate installation of the outdoor unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a touch panel and a touch display apparatus having the same. As disclosed, a touch panel may include a window unit, reflection units, and detection units. As disclosed, the reflection units may be on the window unit and may be configured to reflect scattered light when the window unit is touched. As disclosed, the detection units may be on the window unit and the detection units may be configured to detect the reflected scattered light.

Abstract: A display device including a plurality of light sources spaced apart from one another, a refracting plate disposed over the plurality of light sources, and first and second refracting surfaces formed at both surfaces of the refracting plate to allow light emitted from the light sources to be scattered plural times by passing through the refracting plate, the first and second refracting surfaces having different shapes from each other. With the display device, light emitted from the light sources can be uniformly diffused, whereby high brightness uniformity can be accomplished even at positions relatively close to the light source, resulting in a reduction in a thickness of the display device.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for a photosensitive film includes: light-emitting diodes for generating rays to expose a photosensitive film; a light shield positioned between the light-emitting diodes to prevent noise; a stage for receiving a substrate having the photosensitive film thereon; and a parallelizer positioned between the light-emitting diodes and the stage for redirecting the rays from the light-emitting diodes to be perpendicularly incident upon the photosensitive film.

Abstract: A back light unit and a manufacturing method thereof capable of improving efficiency of a manufacturing process are disclosed. The back light unit includes a light source, a light guiding plate which uniformly transmits a light beam generated by the light source, and a cover portion which forms an external appearance and fixes the light guiding plate, wherein a resin material is charged between the light guiding plate and the cover portion to couple the light guiding plate and the cover portion.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a topical scalp and transdermal preparation with excellent penetration to the skin and follicle, containing a [?-hydroxy-N-methyl-L-leucine4] cylosporin derivative which is a non-immunosuppressive component with hair growth stimulating ability. The topical scalp and transdermal preparation is prepared by incorporating the cyclosporin derivative into a liposome, microcapsule, micro-sphere, composite particle or emulsion, capable of being employed as a hair growth stimulating agent and applied for the prevention of hair loss.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a hair growth promoting agent comprising a cyclosporin derivative as an active ingredient, and more particularly, a hair growth promoting agent comprising a cyclosporin A derivative substituted in the 3-position as an active ingredient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transistor of a semiconductor and a method of fabricating the same. In the method, the dual gate electrode may have different widths and is formed using a damascene process. The dual gate electrode is formed using a stacked upper having a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode. The second gate electrode may have a broader width than the lower first gate electrode.

Abstract: In an encoding method for use in an encoder to encode an image signal including an object having object pixels, a background having background pixels and a contour signal representing the contour of the object, the contour signal is first encoded based on mask data having first and second binary values to designate an object pixel and a background pixels, respectively and then decoded to generate a decoded contour. In the mean time, a primary padded image signal obtained by applying a primary padding on the image signal is divided into multiplicity of equal-sized primary padded blocks and then each of the primary padded blocks is defined either as a contour block or as an object block based on the decoded contour to thereby select contour blocks and object blocks.