Abstract: A laser annealing method performed on a reflective photomask may include preparing a reflective photomask including a pattern area and a border area surrounding the pattern area and irradiating a laser beam onto the border area of the reflective photomask. The irradiating of the laser beam may include split-irradiating a plurality of laser beam spots onto the border area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may be shaped using a beam shaper. The beam shaper may include a blind area, a transparent area at a center of the blind area, and a semitransparent area between the blind area and the transparent area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may include a center portion passing through the transparent area and having a uniform energy profile and an edge portion passing through the semitransparent area and having an inclined energy profile.

Abstract: A laser annealing method performed on a reflective photomask may include preparing a reflective photomask including a pattern area and a border area surrounding the pattern area and irradiating a laser beam onto the border area of the reflective photomask. The irradiating of the laser beam may include split-irradiating a plurality of laser beam spots onto the border area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may be shaped using a beam shaper. The beam shaper may include a blind area, a transparent area at a center of the blind area, and a semitransparent area between the blind area and the transparent area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may include a center portion passing through the transparent area and having a uniform energy profile and an edge portion passing through the semitransparent area and having an inclined energy profile.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for correctly measuring a phase of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask and a method of fabricating an EUV mask including the method are described. The apparatus for measuring the phase of the EUV mask includes an EUV light source configured to generate and output EUV light, at least one mirror configured to reflect the EUV light as reflected EUV light incident on an EUV mask to be measured, a mask stage on which the EUV mask is arranged, a detector configured to receive the EUV light reflected from the EUV mask, to obtain a two-dimensional (2D) image, and to measure reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask, and a processor configured to determine a phase of the EUV mask by using the reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a photomask includes forming a photomask having a plurality of pattern elements, wherein the plurality of pattern elements include correction-target pattern elements having a critical dimension (CD) deviation; acquiring local CD correction information; directing a laser beam to a mirror array of a digital micromirror device (DMD), wherein the mirror array has mirrors arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns; converting the laser beam into a beam pattern array corresponding to the mirror array by controlling on/off switching of each of the mirrors based on the local CD correction information; forming a linear beam by focusing the beam pattern array through an optical system; applying an etchant to the photomask and directing the linear beam to the photomask and moving the linear beam to irradiate the photomask.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for correctly measuring a phase of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask and a method of fabricating an EUV mask including the method are described. The apparatus for measuring the phase of the EUV mask includes an EUV light source configured to generate and output EUV light, at least one mirror configured to reflect the EUV light as reflected EUV light incident on an EUV mask to be measured, a mask stage on which the EUV mask is arranged, a detector configured to receive the EUV light reflected from the EUV mask, to obtain a two-dimensional (2D) image, and to measure reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask, and a processor configured to determine a phase of the EUV mask by using the reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for correctly measuring a phase of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask and a method of fabricating an EUV mask including the method are described. The apparatus for measuring the phase of the EUV mask includes an EUV light source configured to generate and output EUV light, at least one mirror configured to reflect the EUV light as reflected EUV light incident on an EUV mask to be measured, a mask stage on which the EUV mask is arranged, a detector configured to receive the EUV light reflected from the EUV mask, to obtain a two-dimensional (2D) image, and to measure reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask, and a processor configured to determine a phase of the EUV mask by using the reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask.

Abstract: A laser annealing method performed on a reflective photomask may include preparing a reflective photomask including a pattern area and a border area surrounding the pattern area and irradiating a laser beam onto the border area of the reflective photomask. The irradiating of the laser beam may include split-irradiating a plurality of laser beam spots onto the border area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may be shaped using a beam shaper. The beam shaper may include a blind area, a transparent area at a center of the blind area, and a semitransparent area between the blind area and the transparent area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may include a center portion passing through the transparent area and having a uniform energy profile and an edge portion passing through the semitransparent area and having an inclined energy profile.

Abstract: A laser annealing method performed on a reflective photomask may include preparing a reflective photomask including a pattern area and a border area surrounding the pattern area and irradiating a laser beam onto the border area of the reflective photomask. The irradiating of the laser beam may include split-irradiating a plurality of laser beam spots onto the border area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may be shaped using a beam shaper. The beam shaper may include a blind area, a transparent area at a center of the blind area, and a semitransparent area between the blind area and the transparent area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may include a center portion passing through the transparent area and having a uniform energy profile and an edge portion passing through the semitransparent area and having an inclined energy profile.

Abstract: A correcting apparatus of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photomask includes: a support portion configured to support an EUV photomask having a main area in which a plurality of pattern elements are arranged, a chemical supply unit configured to supply a chemical to the main area, a light source unit configured to generate a laser beam, and a control unit configured to irradiate the laser beam to the chemical supplied to the main area of the EUV photomask and to, based a laser dosage map for correcting critical dimensions (CDs) of the plurality of pattern elements in the main area, adjust a dosage of the laser beam based on the laser dosage map such that among the plurality of pattern elements, pattern elements having different critical dimensions are etched at different etching rates.

Abstract: A method is provided. The method includes preparing a mask blank, the mask blank including a substrate, a reflective layer disposed on the substrate for reflecting extreme ultraviolet light, and a light absorbing layer disposed on the reflective layer; providing a photomask by forming a plurality of pattern elements having a target critical dimension from the light absorbing layer, wherein the plurality of pattern elements include a correction target pattern element to be corrected, and the correction target pattern element has a critical dimension different from the target critical dimension; identifying a correction target area of the photomask in which the correction target pattern element is disposed; applying an etchant to the photomask; and irradiating a laser beam to the correction target area while the etchant is provided on the photomask.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for correctly measuring a phase of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask and a method of fabricating an EUV mask including the method are described. The apparatus for measuring the phase of the EUV mask includes an EUV light source configured to generate and output EUV light, at least one mirror configured to reflect the EUV light as reflected EUV light incident on an EUV mask to be measured, a mask stage on which the EUV mask is arranged, a detector configured to receive the EUV light reflected from the EUV mask, to obtain a two-dimensional (2D) image, and to measure reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask, and a processor configured to determine a phase of the EUV mask by using the reflectivity and diffraction efficiency of the EUV mask.

Abstract: A laser annealing method performed on a reflective photomask may include preparing a reflective photomask including a pattern area and a border area surrounding the pattern area and irradiating a laser beam onto the border area of the reflective photomask. The irradiating of the laser beam may include split-irradiating a plurality of laser beam spots onto the border area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may be shaped using a beam shaper. The beam shaper may include a blind area, a transparent area at a center of the blind area, and a semitransparent area between the blind area and the transparent area. Each of the plurality of laser beam spots may include a center portion passing through the transparent area and having a uniform energy profile and an edge portion passing through the semitransparent area and having an inclined energy profile.

Abstract: Disclosed are photomask manufacturing methods and semiconductor device fabrication methods. The photomask manufacturing method includes forming a reflective layer on a mask substrate having an image region and an edge region surrounding the image region, forming an absorption pattern on the reflective layer, forming a black border by irradiating a first laser beam to the reflective layer and the absorption pattern on the edge region, using a photomask having the black border to provide a test substrate with an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) beam to form a test pattern, obtaining a critical dimension correction map of the test pattern, and using the critical dimension correction map to irradiate a second laser beam to the reflective layer on a portion of the image region to form an annealed region that is thicker than the black border.

Abstract: A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory device including a plurality of memory blocks; and a controller including a command queue adapted to store a plurality of commands from the host, wherein the controller is suitable for managing mapping information for mapping logical addresses of the commands to physical addresses of the nonvolatile memory device, storing partial mapping information into an internal cache memory, storing the whole mapping information into the memory blocks, selecting a piece of victim mapping information among the partial mapping information stored in the internal cache memory, and removing the piece of victim mapping information based on logical addresses of the commands stored in the command queue.

Abstract: A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory device including a plurality of memory blocks; and a controller including a command queue adapted to store a plurality of commands from the host, wherein the controller is suitable for managing mapping information for mapping logical addresses of the commands to physical addresses of the nonvolatile memory device, storing partial mapping information into an internal cache memory, storing the whole mapping information into the memory blocks, selecting a piece of victim mapping information among the partial mapping information stored in the internal cache memory, and removing the piece of victim mapping information based on logical addresses of the commands stored in the command queue.

Abstract: Provided is a mask. The mask may include a mask substrate, mask patterns on the mask substrate, frames disposed on an edge of the mask substrate outside the mask patterns, and a pellicle spaced apart from the mask patterns, the pellicle being disposed on the frames, wherein the pellicle includes protection layers each of which has a nanometer thickness.

Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light generation apparatus includes a source supplying unit in a chamber, the source supplying unit including a source material for generation of extreme ultraviolet light, a plasma generator to generate plasma from the source material, an optical unit in the chamber, and at least one protection film adjacent to the optical unit, the at least one protection film including at least one of graphite or graphene.

Abstract: A treatment system comprises an energy source that generates a energy beam that is emitted along an energy beam pathway. A beam section shaper is positioned along the energy beam pathway that receives an incident energy beam and modifies a section shape thereof to output a shape-modified energy beam. A beam intensity shaper is positioned along the energy beam pathway that receives an incident energy beam having a first intensity profile and outputs an intensity-modified energy beam having a second intensity profile, wherein the first intensity profile has a relative maximum average intensity at a center region thereof and wherein the second intensity profile has a relative minimum average intensity at a center region thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a mask. The mask may include a mask substrate, mask patterns on the mask substrate, frames disposed on an edge of the mask substrate outside the mask patterns, and a pellicle spaced apart from the mask patterns, the pellicle being disposed on the frames, wherein the pellicle includes protection layers each of which has a nanometer thickness.

Abstract: A treatment system comprises an energy source that generates a energy beam that is emitted along an energy beam pathway. A beam section shaper is positioned along the energy beam pathway that receives an incident energy beam and modifies a section shape thereof to output a shape-modified energy beam. A beam intensity shaper is positioned along the energy beam pathway that receives an incident energy beam having a first intensity profile and outputs an intensity-modified energy beam having a second intensity profile, wherein the first intensity profile has a relative maximum average intensity at a center region thereof and wherein the second intensity profile has a relative minimum average intensity at a center region thereof.