Abstract: A shard distribution apparatus and method are disclosed. The shard distribution apparatus can include a trust calculation unit configured to obtain a trust value for each of a multiple number of nodes in a blockchain network by receiving a consensus result from each of the multiple nodes, where the consensus result may be obtained by aggregating the result of verifying the validity of a block by each of the multiple nodes and the results of verifying the validity of the block received from other nodes; and a shard distribution unit configured to distribute the multiple nodes to a multiple number of shards by calculating a shard trust value, which is represented by a sum of trust values of nodes distributed to each of the multiple shards, and distributing the multiple nodes such that deviations of the calculated shard trust values are the smallest.

Abstract: An apparatus for managing sharded blockchain network obtains state information including an inter-node data transmission rate and computing resources of each node in the current epoch of a shard-based blockchain network in which N nodes are distributed to at least one shard, a consensus process record of each node in each shard and a ratio of malicious nodes, estimates at least one action each including block size, block interval and number of shards corresponding to the state information by using an artificial neural network in which a pattern estimation method has been previously learned, selects one action among the estimated at least one action and applies the one action to the shard-based blockchain network.

Abstract: An apparatus for managing delegation consensus of a blockchain network, obtains state information including trust of each delegated node in the current epoch of the blockchain network, determines an action including a delegation rate by performing a neural network operation on the state information, creates, according to the determined action, a local trust opinion (hereinafter, LTO) matrix representing a mutual subjective evaluation of each delegated node, and selects, based on the trust calculated using the LTO matrix, K delegated nodes according to the determined delegation rate among N nodes.

Abstract: An apparatus for managing sharded blockchain network obtains state information including an inter-node data transmission rate and computing resources of each node in the current epoch of a shard-based blockchain network in which N nodes are distributed to at least one shard, a consensus process record of each node in each shard and a ratio of malicious nodes, estimates at least one action each including block size, block interval and number of shards corresponding to the state information by using an artificial neural network in which a pattern estimation method has been previously learned, selects one action among the estimated at least one action and applies the one action to the shard-based blockchain network.

Abstract: A shard distribution apparatus and method are disclosed. The shard distribution apparatus can include a trust calculation unit configured to obtain a trust value for each of a multiple number of nodes in a blockchain network by receiving a consensus result from each of the multiple nodes, where the consensus result may be obtained by aggregating the result of verifying the validity of a block by each of the multiple nodes and the results of verifying the validity of the block received from other nodes; and a shard distribution unit configured to distribute the multiple nodes to a multiple number of shards by calculating a shard trust value, which is represented by a sum of trust values of nodes distributed to each of the multiple shards, and distributing the multiple nodes such that deviations of the calculated shard trust values are the smallest.

Abstract: A CPU control method and apparatus for improving application processing speed and power consumption are provided. An embodiment of the invention provides a method by which a CPU control apparatus controls a CPU, where the CPU control method includes: (a) measuring a reaction time of a user terminal for a running application; (b) computing a first predictive reaction time by stepwise changing a CPU frequency if the reaction time exceeds a preset threshold; (c) computing a second predictive reaction time by stepwise changing a processing weight of the application if the first predictive reaction time exceeds the preset threshold; and (d) repeating said step (c) if the second predictive reaction time exceeds the preset threshold.

Abstract: Disclosed are a terminal device and a method for controlling the terminal device that can reduce power consumption. The disclosed terminal device includes: a response time establisher unit which establishes a response time of an interactive application executed on the terminal device, with a frequency of a processor within the terminal device and a priority value of the interactive application as variables; a frequency determiner unit which determines the frequency of the processor based on a default priority value such that the response time does not exceed a preset response time threshold; a priority value determiner unit which determines the priority value based on the determined frequency such that the response time does not exceed the response time threshold; and an executor unit which runs the interactive application based on the determined frequency and the determined priority value.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for transmitting a signal by a first node in a wireless communication system, including the steps of a first node setting a connection for a reserved transmission and transmitting a signal to a first reception node in the time interval reserved as the connection setting, wherein, in the time interval, a signal transmission is allowed by a second node which is not included in the neighbor nodes of the first reception node.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for setting the optimum transmission path for increasing energy efficiency in a wireless ad hoc network. More particularly, the present invention relates to setting an optimized data transmission path in a multi-hop data transmission environment in a wireless network comprising machine to machine (M2M) communication devices, which operate with limited energy, based on link information of the network, such as the position of a node in the network. And to this end, the present invention relates to a wireless M2M communication network protocol minimizing energy consumption by selecting the optimum transmission method for each of the hops from the following transmission methods: a single input single output (SISO) method; a virtual single input multiple output (V-SIMO) method; and a virtual multiple input multiple output (V-MIMO) method.

Abstract: A CPU control method and apparatus for improving application processing speed and power consumption are provided. An embodiment of the invention provides a method by which a CPU control apparatus controls a CPU, where the CPU control method includes: (a) measuring a reaction time of a user terminal for a running application; (b) computing a first predictive reaction time by stepwise changing a CPU frequency if the reaction time exceeds a preset threshold; (c) computing a second predictive reaction time by stepwise changing a processing weight of the application if the first predictive reaction time exceeds the preset threshold; and (d) repeating said step (c) if the second predictive reaction time exceeds the preset threshold.

Abstract: Disclosed are a terminal device and a method for controlling the terminal device that can reduce power consumption. The disclosed terminal device includes: a response time establisher unit which establishes a response time of an interactive application executed on the terminal device, with a frequency of a processor within the terminal device and a priority value of the interactive application as variables; a frequency determiner unit which determines the frequency of the processor based on a default priority value such that the response time does not exceed a preset response time threshold; a priority value determiner unit which determines the priority value based on the determined frequency such that the response time does not exceed the response time threshold; and an executor unit which runs the interactive application based on the determined frequency and the determined priority value.

Abstract: A data forwarding method and system is provided for avoiding data loss during a vertical handover by forwarding data through an IP tunnel established between a newly introduced network entity called a Data Forwarding Function of the serving network and a Forward Attachment Function of a target network. A data forwarding method of a data forwarding unit located in a serving network for a vertical handover according to the present invention includes receiving an address of a forwarding attachment unit located in a target network and a data forwarding preparation request that are transmitted by a user equipment; establishing an Internet Protocol (IP) tunnel to the forwarding attachment unit according to the data forwarding preparation request; and forwarding, when a vertical handover is initiated, handover packets to the forwarding attachment unit through the IP tunnel.

Abstract: In a sensor network including a sink node and a plurality of sensor nodes, the sink node receives a routing message including routing information from the sensor nodes, analyzes a structure of the sensor network based on routing information, and calculates a transmission schedule of each sensor node based on the analyzed network structure. Schedule information according to the calculated transmission schedule includes a wakeup time of the sensor node, a time interval that is consumed for packet transmission, and a standby time for preventing a packet collision based on the time interval.

Abstract: A device and method for scheduling packet transmission are disclosed. The disclosed device includes: an interface unit configured to transmit and receive a packet; a controller configured to calculate a local time and an ARQ time from a packet to be transmitted, where the local time is determined in proportion to a packet delay bound, and the ARQ time is determined based on the local time and the packet delay bound; a queue in which the packet to be transmitted is inputted; and a scheduler configured to determine a transmission order of packets inputted in the queue based on at least one of the local time and the ARQ time. The disclosed device provides the advantage of efficient packet transmission in a multi-hop wireless network.

Abstract: In a wireless multi-hop network, a transmission scheduling apparatus calculates a transmission demand of every node within the wireless multi-hop network, and allocates a time slot to each node by using the transmission demand of each node.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for transmitting a signal by a first node in a wireless communication system, including the steps of a first node setting a connection for a reserved transmission and transmitting a signal to a first reception node in the time interval reserved as the connection setting, wherein, in the time interval, a signal transmission is allowed by a second node which is not included in the neighbor nodes of the first reception node.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for setting the optimum transmission path for increasing energy efficiency in a wireless ad hoc network. More particularly, the present invention relates to setting an optimized data transmission path in a multi-hop data transmission environment in a wireless network comprising machine to machine (M2M) communication devices, which operate with limited energy, based on link information of the network, such as the position of a node in the network. And to this end, the present invention relates to a wireless M2M communication network protocol minimizing energy consumption by selecting the optimum transmission method for each of the hops from the following transmission methods: a single input single output (SISO) method; a virtual single input multiple output (V-SIMO) method; and a virtual multiple input multiple output (V-MIMO) method.

Abstract: A hybrid virtual multiple-input multiple-output (V-MIMO) transmission method of a management node in a wireless ad-hoc network in which a transmission path from a source node to a destination node is divided into one or more sections is provided. The hybrid V-MIMO transmission method includes obtaining one or more pieces of node information of one or more nodes by transmitting an information request message to the nodes in response to a transmission request message for data transmission from the source node to the destination node; setting a shortest path (SP) from the source node to the destination node based on the obtained node information; determining transmission schemes individually for nodes present on the SP; issuing a transmission preparation request by transmitting the determined transmission schemes to the respective corresponding nodes; and transmitting a transmission start message to the source node in response to transmission ready responses from the respective nodes.

Abstract: A decentralized scheduling method in a wireless ad hoc network is provided which includes grouping nodes in the network cluster by cluster, determining a cluster head of each cluster, and sequentially performing scheduling cluster by cluster. Accordingly, it is possible to provide an efficient cluster-based scheduling method which quickly adapts to changes and reduces power consumption.

Abstract: In a wireless multi-hop network, a transmission scheduling apparatus calculates a transmission demand of every node within the wireless multi-hop network, and allocates a time slot to each node by using the transmission demand of each node.