Abstract: A device for performing multi-key homomorphic encryption includes a public key generator configured to generate a public key by using a secret key for each client, and a multiplication key generator configured to generate a multiplication key by reusing a public key protection error used in the generating of the public key. By reducing the size of the multiplication key by reusing the public key protection error, the operation time and memory may be reduced.

Abstract: A method of performing a homomorphic permutation by a server includes: generating, via a ciphertext generation portion, a first ciphertext by adding noise to the basic ciphertext; transmitting, via a transmission portion, the first ciphertext to a client; performing, via an operation portion, a predetermined operation on the noise; receiving, via a reception portion, a second ciphertext from the client; and extracting, via an extraction portion, the basic ciphertext on which the predetermined operation is performed, by removing, from the second ciphertext, the noise on which the predetermined operation is performed, wherein the second ciphertext is a ciphertext that is re-encrypted by the client after decrypting the first ciphertext and performing the predetermined operation on the decrypted first ciphertext.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with homomorphic encryption includes: receiving a first ciphertext corresponding to a first modulus; generating a second ciphertext corresponding to a second modulus by performing modulus raising on the first ciphertext; and performing bootstrapping by encoding the second ciphertext using a commutative property and an associative property of operations included in a rotation operation.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method includes receiving data for performing a neural network operation of homomorphic encrypted data and a parameter for generating an approximate polynomial corresponding to the neural network operation, obtaining layer information corresponding to each of a plurality of layers configuring a neural network based on the data, determining layer importance corresponding to each of the plurality of layers, based on the parameter and the layer information, generating an approximate polynomial approximating the neural network operation for each of the plurality of layers, based on the layer importance, and generating an operation result by performing the neural network operation based on the approximate polynomial.

Abstract: An operation method of performing a neural network operation of fully homomorphic encrypted data is provided. The operation method includes: receiving data for performing the neural network operation and receiving a parameter for generating an approximation polynomial corresponding to the neural network operation; obtaining layer information corresponding to layers of a neural network model, the layer information based on the data; determining importances of the layers, respectively, wherein the determining of the importances is based on the parameter and the layer information; generating an approximation polynomial approximating the neural network operation for each of the layers, wherein the generating is based on the layer importance; and generating an operation result by performing the neural network operation based on the approximation polynomial, wherein the parameter includes a computation time condition that the neural network operation must satisfy.

Abstract: Disclosed is an encryption method and apparatus. The encryption method using homomorphic encryption may include generating a ciphertext by encrypting data, and bootstrapping the ciphertext by performing a modular reduction based on a selection of one or more target points for a modulus corresponding to the ciphertext.

Abstract: An apparatus and method with encrypted data neural network operation is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors configured to execute instructions and one or more memories storing the instructions, wherein the execution of the instructions by the one or more processors configures the one or more processors to generate a target approximate polynomial, approximating a neural network operation, of a portion of a neural network model, using a determined target approximation region, for the target approximate polynomial, based on a first approximate polynomial generated based on parameters corresponding to a generation of the first approximate polynomial, a maximum value of input data to the portion of the neural network layer, and a minimum value of the input data, and generate a neural network operation result using the target approximate polynomial and the input data.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with homomorphic encryption includes: receiving a first ciphertext corresponding to a first modulus; generating a second ciphertext corresponding to a second modulus by performing modulus raising on the first ciphertext; and performing bootstrapping by encoding the second ciphertext using a commutative property and an associative property of operations included in a rotation operation.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with homomorphic encryption includes: receiving a first ciphertext corresponding to a first modulus; generating a second ciphertext corresponding to a second modulus by performing modulus raising on the first ciphertext; and performing bootstrapping by encoding the second ciphertext using a commutative property and an associative property of operations included in a rotation operation.

Abstract: A method of performing a homomorphic permutation by a server includes: generating, via a ciphertext generation portion, a first ciphertext by adding noise to the basic ciphertext; transmitting, via a transmission portion, the first ciphertext to a client; performing, via an operation portion, a predetermined operation on the noise; receiving, via a reception portion, a second ciphertext from the client; and extracting, via an extraction portion, the basic ciphertext on which the predetermined operation is performed, by removing, from the second ciphertext, the noise on which the predetermined operation is performed, wherein the second ciphertext is a ciphertext that is re-encrypted by the client after decrypting the first ciphertext and performing the predetermined operation on the decrypted first ciphertext.

Abstract: A device for performing multi-key homomorphic encryption includes a public key generator configured to generate a public key by using a secret key for each client, and a multiplication key generator configured to generate a multiplication key by reusing a public key protection error used in the generating of the public key. By reducing the size of the multiplication key by reusing the public key protection error, the operation time and memory may be reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic apparatus. The electronic apparatus includes a memory storing a composite function in which at least two polynomials are composed and a processor configured to, based on a comparison operation command being received for a plurality of homomorphic ciphertexts, perform operation by reflecting the plurality of homomorphic ciphertexts to the composite function, and obtain a comparison result of the plurality of homomorphic ciphertexts based on the operation result, each of the at least two polynomials may output a value in a preset range for a value in a preset domain, and a domain of one of the at least two polynomials may be determined based on a range of a previous polynomial.

Abstract: An apparatus includes: one or more processors configured to: generate packed data by performing data packing on an encrypted image; and perform a homomorphic encryption operation based on the packed data and a weight.

Abstract: A processor-implemented encryption method using homomorphic encryption includes: receiving data; generating a ciphertext by encrypting the received data; determining a coefficient of an approximating polynomial for performing a modular reduction on a modulus corresponding to the ciphertext, based on an error between the approximating polynomial and a modular reduction function; and performing bootstrapping on the ciphertext by performing the modular reduction based on the determined coefficient of the approximating polynomial.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with homomorphic encryption includes: receiving a first ciphertext corresponding to a first modulus; generating a second ciphertext corresponding to a second modulus by performing modulus raising on the first ciphertext; and performing bootstrapping by encoding the second ciphertext using a commutative property and an associative property of operations included in a rotation operation.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic apparatus. The electronic apparatus includes a memory storing a composite function in which at least two polynomials are composed and a processor configured to, based on a comparison operation command being received for a plurality of homomorphic ciphertexts, perform operation by reflecting the plurality of homomorphic ciphertexts to the composite function, and obtain a comparison result of the plurality of homomorphic ciphertexts based on the operation result, each of the at least two polynomials may output a value in a preset range for a value in a preset domain, and a domain of one of the at least two polynomials may be determined based on a range of a previous polynomial.

Abstract: A processor-implemented encryption method using homomorphic encryption includes: receiving data; generating a ciphertext by encrypting the received data; determining a coefficient of an approximating polynomial for performing a modular reduction on a modulus corresponding to the ciphertext, based on an error between the approximating polynomial and a modular reduction function; and performing bootstrapping on the ciphertext by performing the modular reduction based on the determined coefficient of the approximating polynomial.

Abstract: Disclosed is an encryption method and apparatus. The encryption method using homomorphic encryption may include generating a ciphertext by encrypting data, and bootstrapping the ciphertext by performing a modular reduction based on a selection of one or more target points for a modulus corresponding to the ciphertext.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). A method of decoding a signal in a communication system includes receiving an encoded bit-stream corresponding to message bits and first Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits, obtaining a codeword through a traceback for at least part of the encoded bit-stream, generating second CRC bits by performing CRC encoding on the codeword, and performing decoding based on at least part of the second CRC bits.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). A method of decoding a signal in a communication system includes receiving an encoded bit-stream corresponding to message bits and first Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits, obtaining a codeword through a traceback for at least part of the encoded bit-stream, generating second CRC bits by performing CRC encoding on the codeword, and performing decoding based on at least part of the second CRC bits.