Abstract: An apparatus for detecting overheating of a battery module includes a battery pack including a first battery module and a second battery module, a first temperature fuse arranged on the first battery module and having a first resistance value, a second temperature fuse arranged on the second battery module and having a second resistance value, and a controller that detects an overheated battery module based on a total resistance value of the first and second temperature fuses, which are connected in parallel to each other.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for quantifying the vulnerability of a system. The apparatus includes a vulnerability calculation unit, a target organization security level calculation unit, a network separation status calculation unit, an interim calculation unit, and a final score calculation unit. The vulnerability calculation unit converts each of the vulnerability identification results of the system into a vulnerability score. The target organization security level calculation unit calculates a target organization security level score based on a technology-field security level score and a management-field security level score. The network separation status calculation unit converts the status of the separation of the local network of the system into a network separation score. The interim calculation unit calculates an interim score. The final score calculation unit quantifies the vulnerability of the system by finally calculating a composite score using the interim score and a simulated intrusion success level.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for quantifying the vulnerability of a system. The apparatus includes a vulnerability calculation unit, a target organization security level calculation unit, a network separation status calculation unit, an interim calculation unit, and a final score calculation unit. The vulnerability calculation unit converts each of the vulnerability identification results of the system into a vulnerability score. The target organization security level calculation unit calculates a target organization security level score based on a technology-field security level score and a management-field security level score. The network separation status calculation unit converts the status of the separation of the local network of the system into a network separation score. The interim calculation unit calculates an interim score. The final score calculation unit quantifies the vulnerability of the system by finally calculating a composite score using the interim score and a simulated intrusion success level.

Abstract: A system and method for preventing spam mails. A spam mail information collection server extracts base information for spam mail determination from header information of spam mails received at false mail addresses, databases the extracted spam mail determination base information and provides the databased spam mail determination base information to at least one mail server. The mail server receives the spam mail determination base information and stores it in a database. Upon receiving a new mail, the mail server analyzes header information of the received new mail, searches the spam mail determination base information database for the analyzed header information to determine whether the new mail is a spam mail, and blocks the reception of the new mail if the mail is determined to be a spam mail.

Abstract: A method for issuing and settling an electronic check. An electronic check management server includes a user registration module, an electronic check issuance module, and an electronic check settlement module that are respectively executable by software. An issuer computer includes a user registration module and an electronic check issuance module that are respectively executable by software. A payee computer includes a user registration module and an electronic check settlement module that are respectively executable by software. Therefore, the method adopts a client as an electronic check issuer to quickly issue the electronic check, and transmits an issued electronic check to a payee via an E-mail using a P2P method, thereby establishing secure remittance/settlement services.