Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a third insulating pattern and a first insulating pattern on a substrate, the third insulating pattern and the first insulating pattern being spaced apart from each other in a first direction that is perpendicular to the substrate such that a bottom surface of the third insulating pattern and a top surface of the first insulating pattern face each other, a gate electrode between the bottom surface of the third insulating pattern and the top surface of the first insulating pattern, and including a first side extending between the bottom surface of the third insulating pattern and the top surface of the first insulating pattern, and a second insulating pattern that protrudes from the first side of the gate electrode by a second width in a second direction, the second direction being different from the first direction.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including a plurality of frames connected to each other in the lengthwise direction; a connector, which is arranged between the plurality of frames and interconnects the plurality of frames by including a portion inserted into one of the plurality of frames, and including another portion inserted into the other one of the plurality of frames; and a light source arranged on the plurality of frames.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including a plurality of frames connected to each other in the lengthwise direction; a connector, which is arranged between the plurality of frames and interconnects the plurality of frames by including a portion inserted into one of the plurality of frames, and including another portion inserted into the other one of the plurality of frames; and a light source arranged on the plurality of frames.

Abstract: There is provided a light emitting diode (LED) lens for double-sided lighting, including a light diffusion agent diffused therein, the LED lens including a light receiving portion receiving light, a first light transmitting portion corresponding to the light receiving portion and transmitting a portion of the light in an upward direction therefrom, a reflective portion extended from the first light transmitting portion and reflecting a portion of the light, and a second light transmitting portion facing the first light transmitting portion and transmitting the light reflected by the reflective portion in a downward direction therefrom.

Abstract: There is provided a light emitting diode (LED) lens for double-sided lighting, including a light diffusion agent diffused therein, the LED lens including a light receiving portion receiving light, a first light transmitting portion corresponding to the light receiving portion and transmitting a portion of the light in an upward direction therefrom, a reflective portion extended from the first light transmitting portion and reflecting a portion of the light, and a second light transmitting portion facing the first light transmitting portion and transmitting the light reflected by the reflective portion in a downward direction therefrom.

Abstract: A water-repellent glass having a durable and abrasion-resistant silica layer is prepared by a process containing the following steps: (a) preparing a silica solution by subjecting a metal alkoxide-based silane compound to a two step aging process wherein the two step aging process is proceeded either by conducting a first aging step under a basic condition and a second aging step under an acidic condition or vice versa, (b) applying the resulting silica composition onto the surface of a glass substrate, (c) subjecting the glass substrate coated with the silica composition to a thermal treatment, and (d) coating the resulting coarse silica layer with a water-repellent layer.

Abstract: A glass substrate is provided with a durable and abrasion-resistant water-repellent surface, by coating a surface of the substrate with a silica solution which has been subjected to a two-step aging process, respectively in the presence of basic and acidic catalysts, which is then thermally treated to provide a coarse-surfaced silica layer including fine crystalline silica particles, which is then coated with a water-repellent layer made of fluoroalkylsilane.

Abstract: A water-repellent glass comprising a uniform and optically transparent silica film with excellent durability and hardness is prepared by a process which comprises: (a) preparing a colloidal silica suspension by hydrolyzing and polycondensing an alkoxysilane in an organic solvent under a basic condition in the presence of water, and then treating the colloidal silica suspension under an acidic condition, to obtain a silica dispersion containing cross-linked spherical silica particles and linear polysiloxane, (b) combining the silica dispersion with a mixed solvent composed of acetic acid and an alcohol to obtain a coating composition, (c) applying the coating composition on the surface of a glass substrate to form a silica layer therefrom, (d) heat treating the silica layer to provide a silica film on the glass substrate, and (e) applying a water-repellent agent on the silica film to provide the water-repellent glass.