Abstract: A gate is formed on a device formation region of a semiconductor substrate, and source and drain regions are formed in the device formation region of the semiconductor substrate adjacent respective sides of the gate. The gate is formed to include a gate dielectric layer, a gate conductive layer and sidewall spacers located at respective sidewalls of the gate conductive layer. An etch stop layer is formed over the source region, the drain region and the sidewall spacers of the gate to obtain an intermediate structure, and a planarized first interlayer insulating film is formed over a surface of the intermediate structure. The first insulating layer is dry etched until the etch stop layer over the source region, the drain region and the sidewall spacers is exposed to form self-aligned contact holes in the first interlayer insulating over the source region and the drain region, respectively.

Abstract: A power amplifier using N-way Doherty structure for extending the efficiency region over the high peak-to-average power ratio of the multiplexing modulated signals such as wideband code division multiple access and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is disclosed. In an embodiment, the present invention uses a dual-feed distributed structure to an N-way Doherty amplifier to improve the isolation between at least one main amplifier and at least one peaking amplifier and, and also to improve both gain and efficiency performance at high output back-off power. Hybrid couplers can be used at either or both of the input and output. In at least some implementations, circuit space is also conserved due to the integration of amplification, power splitting and combining.

Abstract: A RF-digital hybrid mode power amplifier system for achieving high efficiency and high linearity in wideband communication systems is disclosed. The present invention is based on the method of adaptive digital predistortion to linearize a power amplifier in the RF domain. The power amplifier characteristics such as variation of linearity and asymmetric distortion of the amplifier output signal are monitored by the narrowband feedback path and controlled by the adaptation algorithm in a digital module. Therefore, the present invention could compensate the nonlinearities as well as memory effects of the power amplifier systems and also improve performances, in terms of power added efficiency, adjacent channel leakage ratio and peak-to-average power ratio. The present disclosure enables a power amplifier system to be field reconfigurable and support multi-modulation schemes (modulation agnostic), multi-carriers and multi-channels.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for detecting an actuator vibration, and a hard disc drive write control method of avoiding an effect due to the actuator vibration. The method of detecting an actuator vibration includes: obtaining a specified number of position error signal (PES) samples while following a track; performing a time-frequency conversion on the specified number of PES samples; and detecting a magnitude of a conversion coefficient indicating a magnitude of an actuator vibration, in a specified frequency band.

Abstract: An efficient baseband predistortion linearization method for reducing the spectral regrowth and compensating memory effects in wideband communication systems using effective multiplexing modulation technique such as wideband code division multiple access and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is disclosed. The present invention is based on the method of piecewise pre-equalized lookup table based predistortion, which is a cascade of a lookup table predistortion and piecewise pre-equalizers, to reduce the computational complexity and numerical instability for desired linearity performance with memory effects compensation for wideband transmitter systems. Therefore, the present invention could reduce the computational load, which saves hardware resources in an implementation and improve performance, in terms of adjacent channel power ratio.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for determining transmit power of an uplink frame transmitted from a subscriber station to a base station and transmitting data in a mobile communication system in which a downlink frame, transmitted from the base station to the subscriber station, and the uplink frame are time division-duplexed (TDD). The apparatus includes a receive power measurement unit for measuring receive power of signals received from the base station; a transmit power controller for determining the transmit power of the uplink frame from the receive power measured by the receive power measurement unit and information related to receptions of an uplink frame, which is received from the base station; and a transmission radio frequency processor for performing radio processing so that the uplink frame is transmitted according to the transmit power determined by the transmit power controller.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of cleaning a photomask, which prevents haze from being generated on a surface of the photomask during a photolithography process. The photomask is heat treated to remove residual ions on a surface thereof and to induce curing and oxidation of Cr and MoSiON layers, thereby preventing diffusion of the ions. Etching of Cr and MoSiON layers due to a cleaning process is suppressed in order to significantly reduce a change in phase and transmissivity of optical properties of Cr and MoSiON.

Abstract: A pressure loader for firing a laminated ceramic substrate includes an outer loader and an inner loader. The outer loader is mounted on a periphery region of a ceramic laminated body to press the periphery region, and the inner loader is mounted on an internal region of the ceramic laminated body to press the internal region.

Abstract: A method, medium, and apparatus protecting a portable device protecting a HDD by instituting different protection mechanisms to an information processing apparatus based on a portable state/non-portable state of the portable device. The protecting of the HDD may include detecting whether the portable device is carried, detecting a movement of the portable device, comparing by applying a different critical value, based on whether the portable device is carried, in judging whether to unload the HDD through a comparison of the degree of movement of the portable device with a critical value, and performing an unload of the HDD based on results of the comparison. The method for protecting a HDD of a portable device efficiently protects the HDD and guarantees an optimized performance of the portable device by protecting the HDD by instituting different mechanisms depending on a portable/non-portable state of the portable device.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for detecting an actuator vibration, and a hard disc drive write control method of avoiding an effect due to the actuator vibration. The method of detecting an actuator vibration includes: obtaining a specified number of position error signal (PES) samples while following a track; performing a time-frequency conversion on the specified number of PES samples; and detecting a magnitude of a conversion coefficient indicating a magnitude of an actuator vibration, in a specified frequency band.

Abstract: Provided is a cogeneration system. The system includes a chassis, a controller cooling unit, and a driver cooling unit. The chassis is provided with a generator, a driving source, a waste heat recovering unit, and a controller. The generator generates power. The driving source drives the generator and generates heat. The waste heat recovering unit recovers a waste heat of the driving source. The controller controls operations of the generator, the driving source, and the waste heat recovering unit. The controller cooling unit introduces air at one side inside the chassis, circulates the introduced air, and cools at least any one of the generator and the controller. The driver cooling unit introduces air at the other side inside the chassis, circulates the introduced air, and cools at least any one of the driving source and the waste heat recovering unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of cleaning a photomask, which prevents haze from being generated on a surface of the photomask during a photolithography process. The photomask is heat treated to remove residual ions on a surface thereof and to induce curing and oxidation of Cr and MoSiON layers, thereby preventing diffusion of the ions. Etching of Cr and MoSiON layers due to a cleaning process is suppressed in order to significantly reduce a change in phase and transmissivity of optical properties of Cr and MoSiON.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device for cleaning a photomask, which prevents haze from being generated on a surface of the photomask during a photolithography process. The photomask is heat treated to remove residual ions on a surface thereof and to induce curing and oxidation of Cr and MoSiON layers, thereby preventing diffusion of the ions. Etching of Cr and MoSiON layers due to a cleaning process is suppressed in order to significantly reduce a change in phase and transmissivity of optical properties of Cr and MoSiON.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for processing an address of a short message service center in a WCDMA network, including: a load centralization confirmation step where an operation control unit receives short message processing states from each short message service center, confirms load centralization states of each short message service center, and generates an operation message; a path setup step where a mobile switching center receives a short message from a mobile station, and sets up a transmission path of the short message according to the operation message; and an optimal transmission step where the mobile switching center transmits the short message from the mobile station to the corresponding short message service center through the transmission path according to the result of the path setup step.

Abstract: A hard disk drive which includes a voice coil motor driving portion which supplies drive current to a voice coil motor, and a controller which compares a supply voltage supplied to predetermined chips installed on a printed circuit board with a parking reference voltage previously set to a voltage higher than a power-on-reset voltage and controls the voice coil motor driving portion to apply current to a voice coil of the voice coil motor through the voice coil motor driving portion to park a magnetic head in a predetermined parking zone, when the supply voltage is lower than the parking reference voltage.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device and a method of cleaning a photomask, which prevents haze from being generated on a surface of the photomask during a photolithography process. The photomask is heat treated to remove residual ions on a surface thereof and to induce curing and oxidation of Cr and MoSiON layers, thereby preventing diffusion of the ions. Etching of Cr and MoSiON layers due to a cleaning process is suppressed in order to significantly reduce a change in phase and transmissivity of optical properties of Cr and MoSiON.

Abstract: A context knowledge modeling method is provided. The context knowledge modeling method includes the steps of: a) defining a context knowledge space as a two-dimensional space based on an abstract level and an application domain of knowledge; b) locating a share ontology as a highest level of the abstract level for defining a common ontology concept at a plurality of applications and services performed in various environment and domains; c) locating at least one of domain ontologies as a lower abstract level than the share ontology by taking over the ontology concept defined at the share ontology and defining a class and an attribute specialized at a corresponding domain and a developing application; and d) locating one or more instance bases expressing knowledge about real objects to have a lower abstract level than the domain ontologies.

Abstract: Provided is a method of compensating for a bias for efficient servo control of a hard disk drive, and optimally compensating for bias force based on the elapsed usage time of a hard disk drive, and a bias force profile generation method, recording media, and a hard disk drive appropriate to the bias compensation method. The bias compensation method for compensating for a bias force applied to a magnetic head of a hard disk drive includes: measuring the bias force at the current position of a head; selecting a bias force profile having a bias force similar to the bias force measured at the current position of the head, from among a plurality of bias force profiles that are obtained by measuring bias forces of a disc from based on the elapsed usage time of the hard disk drive; and compensating for the bias force according to the selected bias force profile.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phase shift mask. Residual ions, which are considered a factor of occurrence of haze which is a growth defect of a surface of a photomask during a photolithography step of a wafer process, are controlled in order to change the content of a surface of the phase shift mask. Diffusion of the residual ions into the surface of the mask is suppressed during a photomask wet cleaning process in order to prevent the haze.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 3,4-disubstituted coumarin and quinolone derivatives and processes for their preparation. The invention also related to methods for treating infection of Hepatitis C virus by administering a 3,4-disubstituted coumarin or quinolone derivative.