Abstract: A semiconductor device may include a circuit element wire, a lower wire connected to the circuit element wire, a lower interlayer insulation layer on the lower wire, and a first contact pad penetrating the lower interlayer insulation layer. The first contact pad may include a first portion connected to the lower wire, a second portion including a void on the first portion, and a third portion on the second portion. A maximum width between both outer surfaces of the second portion along a horizontal direction may be larger than a width of the third portion along the horizontal direction.

Abstract: Semiconductor memory devices including memory cells arranged three-dimensionally, methods for fabricating the same, and electronic systems including the same are provided. The semiconductor memory device includes a first stacked structure including first gate electrodes sequentially stacked and spaced apart from each other, a second stacked structure on the first stacked structure and including second gate electrodes sequentially stacked and spaced apart from each other, and a channel structure extending in a vertical direction and passing through the first and second stacked structures, wherein the channel structure includes a channel layer including a first pillar portion crossing the first gate electrodes, a second pillar portion crossing the second gate electrodes, and a horizontal portion extending along a plane crossing the vertical direction, the horizontal portion connecting the first and second pillar portions, and a data storage layer extending along an outer side of the channel layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a magnetic wire example includes depositing a magnetic film, which has a composition that enables measuring motion of a magnetic domain wall in the magnetic film, on/above a silicon substrate, forming the magnetic film on the silicon substrate on which the magnetic film is deposited using a wire pattern and an electrode pattern of a certain specification, shielding a central part of the magnetic wire in a photolithography method by an edge milling pattern which corresponds to a predetermined specification, and ablating an edge portion of the magnetic wire which is not shielded by an ion milling.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a system is provided comprising an oxygen-enrichment reverse osmosis unit coupled to an intake of an internal combustion engine. Ambient air is supplied to the reverse osmosis unit via an ambient-air inlet and oxygen-enriched air is output via an oxygen-enriched outlet. The oxygen-enriched outlet is coupled to the intake of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. Providing oxygen-enriched air relative to ambient air to the internal combustion engine allows for reducing the size of the combustion chamber while providing equivalent power, resulting in a smaller engine. At the same time, the smaller engine saves consumption of fuel due to lower engine weight and more complete combustion. The smaller engine is also cheaper to build because it requires less material for fabrication.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a system is provided comprising an oxygen-enrichment reverse osmosis unit coupled to an intake of an internal combustion engine. Ambient air is supplied to the reverse osmosis unit via an ambient-air inlet and oxygen-enriched air is output via an oxygen-enriched outlet. The oxygen-enriched outlet is coupled to the intake of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. Providing oxygen-enriched air relative to ambient air to the internal combustion engine allows for reducing the size of the combustion chamber while providing equivalent power, resulting in a smaller engine. At the same time, the smaller engine saves consumption of fuel due to lower engine weight and more complete combustion. The smaller engine is also cheaper to build because it requires less material for fabrication.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a system is provided comprising an oxygen-enrichment reverse osmosis unit coupled to an intake of an internal combustion engine. Ambient air is supplied to the reverse osmosis unit via an ambient-air inlet and oxygen-enriched air is output via an oxygen-enriched outlet. The oxygen-enriched outlet is coupled to the intake of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. Providing oxygen-enriched air relative to ambient air to the internal combustion engine allows for reducing the size of the combustion chamber while providing equivalent power, resulting in a smaller engine. At the same time, the smaller engine saves consumption of fuel due to lower engine weight and more complete combustion. The smaller engine is also cheaper to build because it requires less material for fabrication.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mobile display module capable of displaying optimal still images or moving pictures depending on characteristics of images to be displayed. The mobile display module includes a graphic memory for storing image data, a data latch unit for latching the image data outputted from the graphic memory, a driver for applying the image data to a liquid crystal panel, a data discrimination unit for determining whether the image data inputted into the graphic memory is still image data or moving picture data, and a gamma voltage generating unit receiving control signals to output first gamma voltage adaptable for the moving picture data to the driver if the image data are the moving picture data and to output second gamma voltage adaptable for the still image data to the driver if the image data are the still image data.