Abstract: A power management apparatus, includes an artificial intelligence (AI) controller configured to monitor a user pattern, based on frequency band selection information of all users using a base station, to predict the user pattern, and a DC-DC converter configured to output a supply voltage based on the predicted user pattern.

Abstract: A method of reinforcement learning of a neural network device for generating a verification vector for verifying a circuit design comprising a circuit block includes inputting a test vector to the circuit block, generating one or more rewards based on a coverage corresponding to the test vector, the coverage being determined based on a state transition of the circuit block based on the test vector, and applying the one or more rewards to a reinforcement learning.

Abstract: Provided is a pattern forming apparatus which may form a pattern on a substrate with high precision by using a material including an organic material, the pattern forming apparatus including: a capillary facing a grounded substrate and capable of storing a solution including a sample; a power source applying a voltage to the capillary; a stencil mask disposed between the capillary and the substrate, and including an opening through which the sample passes; and a cross-direction actuator moving the stencil mask in a cross direction crossing a direction in which the sample passes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic commerce system and method using portable memory. The electronic commerce system using portable memory includes a shopping mall provision module for providing an online shopping mall to a communication terminal connected through the Internet, a code reception module for receiving the unique identification code of the portable memory, connected to the communication terminal, through the communication terminal, and a payment processing module for performing processing so that a specific amount of money corresponding to a price of a product, purchase of which is requested, is subtracted from a specific amount of money, assigned to the received unique identification code and stored in a DB, upon a request from the communication terminal for the purchase of the product.

Abstract: There is provided a mechanochemical sensor including a minute mechanical structure body having the functional membrane formed at least on one part of its surface, a supporting part for supporting the minute mechanical structure body; and a detection part for detecting the change of a mechanical property of the minute mechanical structure body. According to the invention, it is possible to provide improved adhesion between the functional membrane and the minute mechanical structure body since the functional membrane is integrally formed in advance on the minute mechanical structure body, which will contribute to the increase of detection signal, and improvement of measurement precision and sensitivity.

Abstract: A solution containing a sample is provided vibration by a vibrating element, the solution is atomized in a status retaining its activities as minute particulate substances, and the solution and/or the atomized minute particulate substances are electrically charged by wires applied a high voltage. Then, the particles are dried out during flying, the particles are deposited onto a substrate grounded by electrostatic force, and to be immobilized in a status keeping its activities.

Abstract: There is provided a mechanochemical sensor including a minute mechanical structure body having the functional membrane formed at least on one part of its surface, a supporting part for supporting the minute mechanical structure body; and a detection part for detecting the change of a mechanical property of the minute mechanical structure body. According to the invention, it is possible to provide improved adhesion between the functional membrane and the minute mechanical structure body since the functional membrane is integrally formed in advance on the minute mechanical structure body, which will contribute to the increase of detection signal, and improvement of measurement precision and sensitivity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing 4-acyloxy-2-azetidinone derivatives having the following formula (I) which are useful as an intermediate for synthesis of penem or carbapenem compounds: ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 represents a hydroxy-protecting group; and R.sub.3 represents an acyl group, which comprises reacting an azetidinone derivative having the following formula (II): ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 is defined as above and R.sub.2 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group, with a N-haloacylimide in the presence of an organic carboxylic acid or a salt of an organic carboxylic acid.The present invention uses the organic compound, N-haloacylimide, as the reactant rather than the heavy metal reactant used in the prior art, and thus provides an economical advantage and does not cause any problem related to safety and waste disposal after the reaction.