Abstract: Provided is a time-to-digital converter, comprising a phase frequency detector configured to receive a phase-locked loop input clock and a feedback clock, a ring oscillator configured to perform oscillation with multi-phase clocks of a first period, a counter array configured to count the number of oscillations in which the ring oscillator oscillates in a first period by the number of positive integers during the first pulse width, a multiplexer configured to divide the first period into a plurality of zones using edge information of the multi-phase clocks of the ring oscillator, and selects and outputs voltage information of a plurality of neighboring phase clocks included in a first zone from the plurality of zones, an analog-to-digital converter, a calibrator, and a first adder, wherein the calibrator comprises, an offset lookup table generation circuit, a gain-corrected analog-to-digital conversion output generator, and a second adder.

Abstract: A method for authentication of precious metals according to an embodiment may include: obtaining a surface image by photographing a surface of a predetermined region of the precious metal; generating an authentication value based on the obtained surface image; and determining the authenticity of the precious metal by comparing the generated authentication value with a pre-stored authentication value.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus is provided. The imaging apparatus includes an imager configured to record an external image, a region determiner configured to divide a recorded previous image frame and a recorded current image frame into pluralities of regions, calculate a moving direction and a distance of each of the plurality of regions in the current image frame corresponding to each of the plurality of regions in the previous image frame, and determine a background and an object by applying a preset background model and object model based on the calculated moving direction and distance, and a posture determiner configured to determine body parts of the determined object based on a body part model, and determine a posture of the object by combining the determined body parts.

Abstract: Provided are an additive for resist represented by the following formula (1), and a resist composition containing the additive. The additive according to the present invention can suppress leaching caused by water during an immersion lithographic process by increasing hydrophobicity of the surface of the resist film in the exposure at the time of applying the additive to a resist composition, and can form a fine resist pattern having excellent sensitivity and resolution at the time of applying the additive to a resist composition. wherein the substituents respectively have the same meanings as defined above.

Abstract: A resist additive represented by Formula 1 below and a resist composition including the additive are disclosed. The resist additive improves hydrophobicity of the surface of the resist film to prevent materials from being leached in water during exposure of immersion lithography and is converted to have hydrophilicity by deprotection reaction during development. As a result, a micropattern of a resist film with excellent sensitivity and high resolution is formed. In Formula 1, the substituents are defined as described in the specification.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus is provided. The imaging apparatus includes an imager configured to record an external image, a region determiner configured to divide a recorded previous image frame and a recorded current image frame into pluralities of regions, calculate a moving direction and a distance of each of the plurality of regions in the current image frame corresponding to each of the plurality of regions in the previous image frame, and determine a background and an object by applying a preset background model and object model based on the calculated moving direction and distance, and a posture determiner configured to determine body parts of the determined object based on a body part model, and determine a posture of the object by combining the determined body parts.

Abstract: Provided is a copolymer. The copolymer, when incorporated into a resist composition, can provide a satisfactory resist pattern with high sensitivity, high resolution, high etching resistance and a reduced amount of outgas.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for estimating the number of objects in an input image are disclosed. The apparatus includes: a learning unit that calculates counted values of a linear regression function by learning an arbitrary image; a separation unit that separates a foreground region and a background region of the input image; an extraction unit that searches for features that require an amount of calculation that is below a particular threshold from features having high correlation with each other feature and extracts the features from the separated foreground region; and an estimation unit that estimates the number of objects in the foreground region as a dependent variable by allocating the counted values of the linear regression function that are calculated by the learning unit and the features that are extracted by the extraction unit as independent variables of a linear regression function.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for estimating the number of objects in an input image are disclosed. The apparatus includes: a learning unit that calculates counted values of a linear regression function by learning an arbitrary image; a separation unit that separates a foreground region and a background region of the input image; an extraction unit that searches for features that require an amount of calculation that is below a particular threshold from features having high correlation with each other feature and extracts the features from the separated foreground region; and an estimation unit that estimates the number of objects in the foreground region as a dependent variable by allocating the counted values of the linear regression function that are calculated by the learning unit and the features that are extracted by the extraction unit as independent variables of a linear regression function.

Abstract: Provided is a copolymer containing a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1): wherein R1 represents an alkanediyl group, a heteroalkanediyl group, a cycloalkanediyl group, a heterocycloalkanediyl group, an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or an alkylarylene group; R2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a heteroalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an alkoxy group, or an alkylalkoxy group; R3, R4, R5 and R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; n1 represents an integer from 0 to 10; and n2 represents an integer from 0 to 10. The copolymer, when incorporated into a resist composition, can provide a satisfactory resist pattern with high sensitivity, high resolution, high etching resistance and a reduced amount of outgas.

Abstract: A polyester base film for magnetic recording media having improved adhesion to the magnetic layer applied thereon as well as good abrasion and scratch resistance prepared by melt-extruding a polyester resin containing inorganic and organic particles to form a sheet; extending the sheet; and heat-setting the extended film, wherein the heat-setting step is carried out by heat-treating a first surface of the film, which is to be coated with a magnetic material, at a temperature ranging from 170.degree. to 290.degree. C. for 1 to 50 seconds so that the crystallinity thereof ranges from 50 to 70% and heat-treating the other surface of the film at a temperatue which is lower than the first heat-treatment temperature by 20.degree. C. or more for 1 to 200 seconds so that the other surface attains a crystallinity which is lower than that of the first surface by at least 5%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biaxially oriented polyester film comprising the inorganic particulate slip agent of aluminum hydroxide or .THETA.-alumina having an average diameter ranging from 0.1005 to 3 .mu.m and Mohs hardness of 6 or more, in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 4 wt % based on the weight of the polyester, which has improved surface properties, abrasion resistance and scratch resistance.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented polyester film having improved surface properties, scratch resistance and abrasion resistance comprises the particulate slip agents of a calcium carbonate having an average particle diameter ranging from 0.01 to 3 .mu.m, alumina having an average particle diameter ranging from 0.005 to 3 .mu.m and a Mohs' hardness of 8 or more and a melamine formaldehyde condensate having an average particle diameter ranging from 0.01 to 3 .mu.m, wherein each of the slip agents is in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 4 wt. % based on the weight of the polyester.The film is useful in manufacturing condensers, medical articles, photographic films, packaging and labelling materials and, particularly, magnetic recording media.