Abstract: Method for producing a metal coated steel substrate provided with a coating of a primer composition, comprising applying a layer of the primer composition on the metal coated steel substrate wherein the primer composition comprises basic components selected from the group consisting of CuO, K20, Li20, Na20, Ce02 and ZnO; components with intermediate acidity selected from the group consisting of Al203, B203, Cr203, Sn02 Sb203 and Fe203; acidic components selected from the group consisting of Mn02, Mo03, P205, Si02, Ti02, V205, W03 and Zr02; wherein all wt. % are drawn on the total primer composition and the total sum of the amounts excluding impurities and after normalization is 100 wt. %, wherein all components are expressed as oxides, wherein the sum of the amounts of Ce02+Cr203+CuO+Fe203+Mn02+Mo03+Sn02+Sb203+V205 W03 is between about 16.7 and about 48.6 wt. %.

Abstract: Methods for electrochemical deposition of a metal coating on a metal substrate are described. The method may use an ionic liquid as an electrolyte, and the substrate may comprise a first metallic element. Method steps may include pretreating the substrate by etching in an ionic liquid containing metal ions of a second metallic element, removing metal ions of the first metallic element from the substrate, wherein the metal ions of the first metallic element are received by the ionic liquid, depositing a transition layer on the substrate from the ionic liquid, wherein metal ions of the first and second metallic elements are incorporated in the transition layer, and depositing a coating on the transition layer by electrochemical deposition from an ionic liquid containing ions of the second metallic element.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a structure for use in a humid environment, comprising: a primary structural element, which primary structural element is made of metal and is provided with a coating, which coating has a composition comprising zinc in a content of at least 40 wt % based on the weight of the coating, a secondary structural element, which secondary structural element is made of metal and is provided with a coating, which coating is an alloy comprising aluminum and manganese, in which alloy the content of aluminum and manganese together is at least 90 wt % based on the weight of the coating, which alloy comprises more aluminum by weight than manganese, and wherein the primary structural element and the secondary structural element are in electrical contact with each other.

Abstract: Methods for electrochemical deposition of a metal coating on a metal substrate are described. The method may use an ionic liquid as an electrolyte, and the substrate may comprise a first metallic element. Method steps may include pretreating the substrate by etching in an ionic liquid containing metal ions of a second metallic element, removing metal ions of the first metallic element from the substrate, wherein the metal ions of the first metallic element are received by the ionic liquid, depositing a transition layer on the substrate from the ionic liquid, wherein metal ions of the first and second metallic elements are incorporated in the transition layer, and depositing a coating on the transition layer by electrochemical deposition from an ionic liquid containing ions of the second metallic element.