Abstract: A signal transmission system with at least one signal encoder, a line, and a control and evaluation unit, wherein the signal encoder has an electronic unit and a power source, wherein the signal encoder feeds an imprinted current in the range between a preset first value and a preset second value into the line, in particular between 4 and 20 mA. The control and evaluation unit has a load and a microprocessor, and captures and evaluates a voltage that decreases via the load or a current that flows through the load. Additional information regarding the status of the components, can thus be captured and forwarded in a simple way, in that the load in the control and evaluation unit is connected in series to at least one electrical component at which a direct current appears when a current flows through the electrical component.

Abstract: Aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising an aromatic amine, in particular aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline, wherein the concentration of the aromatic amine is below 200 ppm, wherein the leucoindigo salt in the solution is in the form of a mixed sodium and potassium salt, wherein the molar ratio of sodium to potassium is in the range of from above 3:1 to 10:1, preferably wherein the concentration of the salt is in the range of from above 25 to 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the solution.

Abstract: Stable aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising an aromatic amine in the form of aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline, wherein said leucoindigo is in the form of an alkali metal salt; wherein the concentration of the aromatic amine is below 40 ppm determined according to ISO 14362-1:2017(E); and wherein the concentration of the leucoindigo salt is in a concentration range of from 10 to 45% by weight based on the total weight of the solution, and wherein the stability of the solution is measured at a temperature of 23° C.; or wherein the concentration of the leucoindigo salt is in a concentration range of from 45 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the solution, and wherein the stability of the solution is measured at a temperature of 60° C.

Abstract: A signal transmission system with at least one signal encoder, a line, and a control and evaluation unit, wherein the signal encoder has an electronic unit and a power source, wherein the signal encoder feeds an imprinted current in the range between a preset first value and a preset second value into the line, in particular between 4 and 20 mA. The control and evaluation unit has a load and a microprocessor, and captures and evaluates a voltage that decreases via the load or a current that flows through the load. Additional information regarding the status of the components, can thus be captured and forwarded in a simple way, in that the load in the control and evaluation unit is connected in series to at least one electrical component at which a direct current appears when a current flows through the electrical component.

Abstract: Stable aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising an aromatic amine in the form of aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline, wherein said leucoindigo is in the form of an alkali metal salt; wherein the concentration of the aromatic amine is below 40 ppm determined according to ISO 14362-1:2017(E); and wherein the concentration of the leucoindigo salt is in a concentration range of from 10 to 45% by weight based on the total weight of the solution, and wherein the stability of the solution is measured at a temperature of 23° C.; or wherein the concentration of the leucoindigo salt is in a concentration range of from 45 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the solution, and wherein the stability of the solution is measured at a temperature of 60° C.

Abstract: Aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising an aromatic amine, in particular aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline, wherein the concentration of the aromatic amine is below 200 ppm, wherein the leucoindigo salt in the solution is in the form of a mixed sodium and potassium salt, wherein the molar ratio of sodium to potassium is in the range of from above 3:1 to 10:1, preferably wherein the concentration of the salt is in the range of from above 25 to 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the solution.

Abstract: Method of making an aqueous aniline-free or aniline-free and N-methylaniline-free leucoindigo solution from an aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline, the concentration of aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline being determined according to ISO 14362-1:2017(E), wherein said leucoindigo is in the form of an alkali metal salt, the method comprising at least steps (A) to (C): (A) providing a liquid stream comprising said aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising said amine(s); (B) providing a purification stream; (C) bringing into contact said liquid stream with said purification stream.

Abstract: Aqueous leucoindigo solution comprising an aromatic amine in the form of aniline or aniline and N-methylaniline, wherein said leucoindigo is in the form of an alkali metal salt; wherein the concentration of the aromatic amine is below 40 ppm determined according to ISO 14362-1:2017(E); and wherein the concentration of the leucoindigo salt is in a concentration range of from 15 to 45% by weight based on the total weight of the solution, and wherein the solution is stable at a temperature of 23° C.; or wherein the concentration of the leucoindigo salt is in a concentration range of from 45 to 65% by weight based on the total weight of the solution, and wherein the solution is stable at a temperature of 60° C.

Abstract: A substrate primarily for SERS determination, the substrate has a number of elongate elements with a density of at least 1×108 elongate elements per cm2 and having metal coated tips. When the elements may be made to lean toward each other, such as by providing a drop of a liquid thereon and allowing the liquid to dry, groups of tips of elongate elements are formed and the Raman enhancement is extremely high.

Abstract: A substrate primarily for SERS determination, the substrate has a number of elongate elements with a density of at least 1×108 elongate elements per cm2 and having metal coated tips. When the elements may be made to lean toward each other, such as by providing a drop of a liquid thereon and allowing the liquid to dry, groups of tips of elongate elements are formed and the Raman enhancement is extremely high.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a micro total analysis system comprising a spectroscope and a method of manufacturing such a system comprising a spectroscope in a one step process. More over the invention relates to a method of analyzing a sample in the system. The micro total analysis system comprising a spectroscope provided on a substrate and for measuring electromagnetic radiation and at least one microfluidic channel. The spectroscope comprises: a slab waveguide for guiding electromagnetic waves towards a diffraction grating dispersing the electromagnetic waves into their component wavelengths, and output means for receiving the deflected electromagnetic waves. At least a part of the microfluidic channel, the slab waveguide and the grating comprises the same main material, such as a polymer material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a micro total analysis system comprising a spectroscope and a method of manufacturing such a system comprising a spectroscope in a one step process. More over the invention relates to a method of analyzing a sample in the system. The micro total analysis system comprising a spectroscope provided on a substrate and for measuring electromagnetic radiation and at least one microfluidic channel. The spectroscope comprises: a slab waveguide for guiding electromagnetic waves towards a diffraction grating dispersing the electromagnetic waves into their component wavelengths, and output means for receiving the deflected electromagnetic waves. At least a part of the microfluidic channel, the slab waveguide and the grating comprises the same main material, such as a polymer material.

Abstract: A set of three gratings may be operated in a vernier loop fashion to select a particular wavelength from a wavelength division multiplexed system. As a result, an optical add/drop multiplexer may be provided that can be tuned to select a desired wavelength. In one embodiment, the tuning may be done thermo-optically.

Abstract: An optical analysis device having a gastight housing, a radiation-permeable housing element, at least a first radiation source and associated first reflector and a second radiation source and associated second reflector, at least first and second detectors, and an external reflector. The radiation sources and the detectors are located within the housing, an absorption space being formed between the external reflector and the radiation-permeable housing element. A measurement beam emitted by the first radiation source and the first reflector, after reflection on the external reflector, re-enters the housing. A reference beam is emitted by the second radiation source and the second reflector. The measurement beam, after crossing the absorption space, is guided from the measurement beam reflector directly onto the first detector and the second detector and the reference beam from the second radiation source is directly incident on the first detector and the second detector.

Abstract: A set of three gratings may be operated in a vernier loop fashion to select a particular wavelength from a wavelength division multiplexed system. As a result, an optical add/drop multiplexer may be provided that can be tuned to select a desired wavelength. In one embodiment, the tuning may be done thermo-optically.

Abstract: A set of three gratings may be operated in a vernier loop fashion to select a particular wavelength from a wavelength division multiplexed system. As a result, an optical add/drop multiplexer may be provided that can be tuned to select a desired wavelength. In one embodiment, the tuning may be done thermo-optically.

Abstract: A set of three gratings may be operated in a vernier loop fashion to select a particular wavelength from a wavelength division multiplexed system. As a result, an optical add/drop multiplexer may be provided that can be tuned to select a desired wavelength. In one embodiment, the tuning may be done thermo-optically.

Abstract: A set of three gratings may be operated in a vernier loop fashion to select a particular wavelength from a wavelength division multiplexed system. As a result, an optical add/drop multiplexer may be provided that can be tuned to select a desired wavelength. In one embodiment, the tuning may be done thermo-optically.

Abstract: A set of three gratings may be operated in a vernier loop fashion to select a particular wavelength from a wavelength division multiplexed system. As a result, an optical add/drop multiplexer may be provided that can be tuned to select a desired wavelength. In one embodiment, the tuning may be done thermo-optically.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for writing refractive index structures, such as gratings, in an optical waveguide. There is no requirement for structures having interferometric stability of the control elements. The method includes providing first and second light beams, the first beam having a first polarization state and a first wavevector, the second beam having a second polarization state different from the first polarization state, and a second wavevector different from the first wavevector. The method also includes illuminating a diffractive optical element by at least a part of the first beam and a part of the second beam so as to diffract parts of the first and second beams, and positioning the medium in relation to the diffractive element so as to illuminate the first part of the medium by the diffracted parts of the first and second beams.