Abstract: A method including receiving power, from a power line, at a device configured to communicate via the power line. The power from the power line is received at the device via a power cord of the device being connected, via a connector, to a power outlet from which the power of the power line is supplied. The connector is coupled to a first end of the power cord. The device is coupled to a second end of the power cord. The method further includes supplying a signal generated by the device to a choke located on the power cord. The choke is located closer to the first end of the power cord than to the second end of the power cord. The method further includes transmitting the signal from the choke to the power line for communication via the power line.

Abstract: A connector including a magnetic core and a cable. The cable includes a first conductor and a second conductor. The first conductor and the second conductor are wound around each other. The cable is wound a plurality of times through a center of and around the magnetic core. A first end of the first conductor and a first end of the second conductor are configured to connect to power line communication equipment. A second end of the first conductor and a second end of the second conductor are configured to connect to a power line.

Abstract: Method of switching packets in a transmission medium comprising multiple stations which are connected using different links, which is characterized by the establishment of different links (9, 10, 11 and 12) in the same or different media, with different communication characteristics in a single medium, and by a frame switching process associated with links. Thanks to this it is possible to send frames from one set of equipment (2) connected to a transmission medium (1) to any other connected to that same medium (4, 5, 6 and 7), even though there is no direct link between them, with all the processing being carried out in level 2 of the OSI model.

Abstract: It is characterized by the assignment of a local transmission identifier to each link and a decoding of the information based on the local identifier of the assigned link and on the unequivocal identifier sent by the transmitter in its transmission period. It permits multiple links to be established between stations of a telecommunications network, in a way that is unicast (towards a single recipient) or multicast (towards multiple recipients) independently of the type of network or system used in the communication. It is applicable to telecommunication systems which apply an addressing system for the connection of stations and displays the advantages of minimizing the data overload due to the headers, facilitating the establishment of connections between two or more stations and making the addressing of the packets within the same network more flexible.

Abstract: The method is characterized by the management of traffic and resources in the source node (1) by means of ordered sets of cells, with dynamically adjustable qualities of service and different configurations of insertion and extraction of cells for the distribution of resources. It permits different qualities of service for each destination node (2, 3, 4, 5) of the information sent by any source node (1) to be guaranteed and the requisites of maximum permitted latencies of different communication applications to be complied with, being able to combine different types of service.

Abstract: It is characterized by the use of disabled links by a conventional protocol which avoids the existence of loops, for the sending of messages to a single user (unicast) of known destination. It permits the optimization of the efficiency of the network in terms of the traffic addressed to a single user among destinations connected via a medium. Moreover, the procedure of the invention also permits the objective to be conserved of any conventional loop-elimination protocol applied on the system for multicast and broadcast traffic, which is the traffic that can generate flooding and other problems caused by loops, while it increases the efficiency among switches whose links have been disabled by the convention loop-elimination protocol for unicast traffic.

Abstract: Characterized in that in order to calculate the samples of the noise power affecting the system, the errors of amplitude and phase increment obtained in the receiver are combined carrying out a translation of those errors (1) and (4) to the corresponding point of the first ring (6) of the constellation as if this had been the one that was transmitted and without those errors undergoing any modification, in order later on to calculate the modulus squared of the error vector (9). It minimizes and equalizes the variance of the samples obtained for the different values, even and odd, of bits per carrier which the system uses. It reduces the variance of the estimation of the signal to noise ratio in a multiuser digital communications system. Said estimation is necessary for selecting the number of bits per carrier in order to be adapted to the channel and as back-up information in the event of using a receiver with diversity.

Abstract: It is characterized in that the information to be modulated in the phase difference, that belongs to the set of information possible according to the number of phases of the constellation to be used, an injective application between this set and the set of information possible to be modulated corresponding to the constellation with the maximum number of phases is carried out. This permits bits to be changed by a carrier without sending a new phase reference, to maximize the number of symbols of information within the frame and to implement a modulator and a low complexity modulator and demodulator. Applicable in multiuser digital communication that requires bits to be changed by the carrier of the constellation in one single data frame, in order to adapt to the maximum transmission capacity of the channel, to follow the amplitude variations thereof and to allow information to be transmitted from one to several users.

Abstract: Applicable in communications systems in the sending of data among user equipment of nodes connected to a network. It is characterised in that it comprises generating random keys (6) that are different for each packet, which are used for enciphering each packet by means of the DES enciphering algorithm, and the sending in the header of the packet of that random key (6), in turn enciphered (9) by means of a more secure algorithm than the DES algorithm, which permits improvement in the security of transmissions on a non-secure medium to which are connected the noses and user equipment of a telecommunications system using the procedure of the invention instead of the DES enciphering algorithm.

Abstract: Allows synchronisation of multiple users by means of improving the estimation of the start of the OFDM symbols and improving the estimate of frequency error in noisy environments or in frequency selective channels. It is characterized by the decomposition of the received signals x(n9, that contain data and synchronization sequences, in frequency bands (M) and the application of synchronisation algorithms in one of said bands.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for resampling at transmission and reception of a digital signal with digital band translation. According to the invention, a resampling (25) is performed upon reception of a bandpass signal, whereby the signal is translated (4) to baseband with a configurable frequency and the resulting baseband signal is introduced into a decimator (5). In addition, a resampling (26) is performed upon transmission, whereby the baseband signal is interpolated (10) and, subsequently, translated to bandpass (20) with a configurable frequency. The inventive method can be used to correct the frequency error introduced by digital/analogue (11) and analogue/digital (1) converters. Moreover, the set formed by the band translation and the aforementioned resampling can be used to simplify the complexity of the interpolation filters used to generate new samples of the digital signal.

Abstract: It is characterized in that, maintaining the sampling frequency of the digital-analog converter of the transmitter and the analog-digital converter of the receiver, the bandwidth, the spectral position of the OFDM signal, the shape of the spectrum of the OFDM signal that is transmitted, the level of the spectrum of the OFDM signal that is transmitted, or any combination of the above, are selectively and independently varied for the transmission path and for the reception path, in order to permit the configuration of the spectrum of the OFDM signal in terms of bandwidth, position in frequency and power transmitted for being adapted to the regulations of different countries and to the channels found in the different sections of the electrical network. All these changes are carried out without affecting the analog components of the system, in other words, with the same physical implementation.

Abstract: It permits individual frames (OSI level 2 packets) to be classified into different priorities according to their content. It is based on the application of a set of rules and subrules for analysing the content of each frame and assigning a priority to the frame as a function of that analysis; and so with low cost it permits the construction of systems providing quality of service or classes of service as a function of any element of the packet: according to origin, destination, level three data stream, higher level applications, any kind of classification of higher level priorities (such as ToS of IP) and, above all, as a function of any standard or proprietary priorities protocol. Furthermore, it permits the design of different hierarchies of priorities in order to be able to assign one set of priorities or another according to situations (for example, one hierarchy for TCP packets and another different one for UDP packets).

Abstract: Facilitates supports for the 802.1q standard on virtual networks (VLAN) and one or more levels of independent proprietary virtual networks (OVLAN) without interference between them. It can also support hierarchical structures so that it includes assigning an OVLAN identification tag (3) for each level; the inclusion of external tags (3) transparent to the frames; the inclusion of tags (3) in the non-tagged frames and the comparison of said tags with the list of permitted or prohibited tags from the output interface of the equipment; and the inclusion of a special identification tag which when detected by the equipments makes these transmit the frame directly to allow directional hierarchical structures.

Abstract: The invention relates to an overvoltage protection circuit comprising an MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) voltage limiting device (3) which is disposed in series with a GDT (Gas Discharge Tube) voltage limiting device (4). The invention is characterized in that a resistor (5) is disposed in parallel with the aforementioned GDT device (4), the value of said resistor being such that the voltage supported by the GDT device (4) is less than the holdover voltage thereof. In another embodiment of the invention, a second resistor (6) is disposed in parallel with the MOV device (3) and, together with the above-mentioned resistor (5), forms a resistive divider such that the voltage applied the GDT device (4) under steady-state conditions is less than the holdover voltage of the GDT.

Abstract: According to the invention the coupling unit comprises a ferromagnetic core (30) which encloses a conductor through which a low frequency current (1) is circulating in order to inject thereon a high frequency signal, is characterised in that current (1), circulating through the conductor or the magnetic field (3) produced in the coupling unit, is detected, and a compensating current is obtained based on the value obtained in the detection carried out, and the compensating current obtained in the coupling unit is injected through a low pass filter (9) to produce a magnetic field (4) equal and opposite to that produced by current (1) of the conductor in said coupling unit, and thereby avoiding the saturation of the magnetic care (30) without adding insertion loss. In general it is applied to communication systems which require the injection of a radiofrequency signal on a conductor, and in particular in systems which use the electricity grid as the transmission medium.