Abstract: A method of improving joint health in a subject in need thereof comprises administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the subject in need thereof.

Abstract: A method of increasing height in a pediatric subject comprises enterally administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the pediatric subject in need thereof. A method of promoting linear bone growth in a pediatric subject comprises enterally administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the pediatric subject in need thereof. A method of obtaining an exosome-enriched product from cheese whey comprises subjecting the cheese whey to microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and diafiltration (DF) steps, wherein the MF, UF, and DF steps employ, successively, membranes with cut off values which gradually decrease in size with each filtration step, wherein the cheese whey is sweet cheese whey and has a pH from about 6.0 to about 6.5.

Abstract: A method of preventing, reducing, or delaying the onset of fatty liver disease in a subject comprises enterally administering intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. In a specific embodiment, the intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo can be administered in an amount effective to reduce de novo lipogenesis in the subject. The intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo can be administered to the subject directly or in a nutritional composition.

Abstract: A method of obtaining an exosome-enriched product comprises providing a whey-containing bovine milk fraction, conducting a first centrifugation of the whey-containing bovine milk fraction to obtain a whey middle fraction, conducting a second centrifugation of the whey middle fraction at an increased speed to obtain a concentrated whey fraction, filtering the concentrated whey fraction to obtain a filtered whey fraction, and conducting a third centrifugation of the filtered whey fraction at a further increased speed to obtain an exosome-enriched product. The exosome-enriched product comprises intact exosomes and less than 5 wt % casein based on the total weight of protein in the exosome-enriched product. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes provided by addition of the exosome-enriched product. A method of improving insulin sensitivity in a subject comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising the exosome-enriched product.

Abstract: Methods of decreasing muscle atrophy and/or promoting muscle regeneration in a subject at risk of muscle atrophy comprise orally administering a nutritional composition comprising at least one of protein, fat and carbohydrate, and bovine milk-isolated exosomes comprising intact exosomes. In specific embodiments, the subject suffers from malnutrition, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or a burn injury, or has undergone clinical corticosteroid treatment.

Abstract: Bovine milk-isolated powdered exosomes comprise intact exosomes. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes isolated from bovine milk. A method of preparing powdered exosomes comprises centrifuging bovine milk to form a lipid fraction top layer, a whey fraction middle layer, and a first pellet of cells and debris, separating the whey fraction and centrifuging the separated whey fraction to remove additional fat, casein aggregates and debris and form a substantially clear whey fraction, microfiltering the substantially clear whey fraction to remove residual debris, centrifuging the microfiltered whey fraction to obtain a pellet containing exosomes, incubating the exosome-containing pellet in aqueous medium to dissolve the pellet without disrupting exosome membranes to provide an exosome suspension, and drying the suspension to obtain the powdered exosomes.

Abstract: The invention provided methods in vitro for diagnosis and/or prognosis of a clinical outcome in a subject with a telomere-associated disease comprising determining specific telomere associated variables (TAVs) of a test sample cell from the subject, wherein the value of the TAVs obtained for the test sample compared to a control sample is indicative of the telomerase-associated disease and/or the clinical outcome of the subject.

Abstract: A method of promoting healthy catch-up growth in a moderately malnourished individual is provided. The method includes administering to the moderately malnourished individual a nutritional composition that contains a carbohydrate blend, wherein the carbohydrate blend comprises a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides rapidly available glucose, a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides slowly available glucose, and a source of at least one non-digestible carbohydrate or resistant starch.