Abstract: A passive electrical circuit element is disclosed that comprises an inductor surrounded by an electrically conductive sheet, wherein the electrically conductive sheet is electrically insulated from the inductor, and wherein the electrically conductive sheet is configured to transfer charge from the inductor to the conductive sheet in proportion to the current in the inductor. A transducer used to measure an unknown current in a circuit is disclosed that includes an inductor. The transducer comprises an electrically conductive sheet adapted to surround the inductor, while being electrically insulated from the inductor, and further including a device used to measure the charge transferred to the electrically conductive sheet when an unknown current is applied to the inductor.

Abstract: An apparatus is described that disintegrates single particles or pairs of oppositely charged particles, such a protons and electrons. Gamma ray energy produced by the disintegration is collected in lead shields, which are heated by absorption of the gamma rays. Heat from the lead shields is converted to steam which is in turn used to generate electricity.