Abstract: The present invention provides a hydrogenation process for reprocessing used oil into secondary raffinates in the form of lubricating oils. In this process according to some embodiments of the invention, ecologically undesirable byproducts or waste materials are eliminated, without requiring expensive and time-consuming separation stages or reaction conditions, or the use of expensive catalysts. In particular, even severely contaminated oils, i.e. those which contain organo-chlorine compounds, in particular PCB, chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurane in concentrations above certain limits, can also be reused as secondary raffinates, in particular as lubricating oils. No longer need these substances be destroyed in a high temperature combustion process, for example. As a first step, the coarse solid substances are removed from the used oil. Thereafter, with the addition of hydrogen, a hydrogenation step is conducted in a sump phase at predetermined pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: The preferred invention describes a process for the hydrogenation of organochlorine compounds and a neutralizing agent for hydrochloric acid which is obtained from organochlorine compounds.

Abstract: Heat exchanger tubes which are immersed in a fluidized bed of a combustion fluidized bed installation are provided with flow deflectors which reduce erosion of the fluidized materials in the bed on the tubes. The flow deflectors are preferably fins or pins, which protrude from the surface of the tubes and which disturb the erosive flow against the outer walls of the tubes. The flow deflectors also increase the surface areas of the tubes and thereby improve heat transfer from the combustion in the fluidized bed to a fluid heat exchanging medium within the tubes.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, during hydrogenation by means of sump phase hydrogenation followed by gas-phase hydrogenation, the high boiling fractions are separated from the lower boiling vapor fractions, after leaving the hot precipitation head, by partial condensation in an intermediate precipitator with the result that the gas-phase reactor has a better service life and optimum reaction conditions can be provided. The improved process results in an improved quality of solvent for the sump phase hydrogenation.

Abstract: In coal-gasification apparatus, slag particles received in free-fall by a water bath at the bottom of the reactor, or of a waste heat boiler associated therewith, are wetted with oil, or another additive agent. As a result they become bonded together. This prevents floating and facilitates sinking of the slag for removal from below the water bath. An annular duct having nozzles at different angles is used to spray the slag particles with oil near the surface of the water bath. The nozzles create a turbulence at the surface, thereby increasing the effect on the slag particles. A lock hopper fluidly communicates with the water bath right below, and collects the slag particles. The removed slag is classified before being used or recycled by feedback into the reactor together with coal dust, water and oxygen as components for the reactive process.

Abstract: In a continuous coal-gasification process, slag particles received in free-fall by a water bath at the bottom of the reactor, or of a waste heat boiler associated therewith, are wetted with oil, or another additive agent. As a result they become bonded together. This prevents floating and facilitates sinking of the slag for removal from below the water bath. An annular duct having nozzles at different angles is used to spray the slag particles with oil near the surface of the water bath. The nozzles create a turbulence at the surface, thereby increasing the effect on the slag particles. A lock hopper fluidly communicates with the water bath right below, and collects the slag particles. The removed slag is classified before being used or recycled by feedback into the reactor together with coal dust, water and oxygen as components for the reactive process.

Abstract: A method of particulate-carbon recovery from the product gas in a coal gasification process of the type using water-carbon slurry combusted with oxygen in a reactor uses water scrubbing for the product gas to obtain particulate carbon together with ash. Certain ash content is trapped in carbon particles which have a tendency of lumping together. The carbon and ash fraction is treated with liquid hydrocarbon for carbon particle wetting and facilitating separation of ash. The recovered carbon is ground to break down bigger carbon particles and sent through a wet-particle separator; carbon particles which pass a predetermined mesh size, e.g., approximately 63 micron mesh, are sent back to the reactor for mixing with the water-carbon slurry inlet for further combustion. The bigger fractions of carbon are either ground down to size again, or diverted for other uses.

Abstract: Coke is mixed with bituminous coal and the mixture is converted into briquettes. To obtain high-quality and high-strength briquettes, the temperature of the coke is adjusted, prior to mixing, to such a level that when the mixing takes place, the coke/coal mixture will have a precisely predetermined temperature within the scope of 400.degree.-500.degree. C. The exact temperature within this range is selected in dependence upon the characteristics of the coke and the coal.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a briquetted coke from fine coal comprises carbonizing the coal at a temperature of from around 600.degree. to 900.degree. C., mixing the carbonized coal with approximately 10 to 80% and preferably from 20 to 40% of fine coal well caking coal, and thereafter hot briquetting the mixture at temperatures of from around 300.degree. to 500.degree. C. A fuel for shaft furnaces preferably includes the use of the hot briquettes as the only solid fuel in the shaft furnace, and it is particularly applicable for blast furnaces.