Abstract: An alkali metal alkoxide or alkaline earth metal alkoxide in granular form.

Abstract: An alkali metal alkoxide or alkaline earth metal alkoxide in granular form.

Abstract: An alkali metal alkoxide or alkaline earth metal alkoxide in granular form.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the C-alkylation of dialkyl malonates, in which a dialkyl malonate is reacted with an alkyl halide in the presence of potassium carbonate as a hydrogen halide acceptor in an inert solvent, and a phase-transfer catalyst is not added until from 50 to 80% of the dialkyl malonate has reacted. The phase-transfer catalyst may be, for example, a tetraalkylammonium salt or a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, a tetraalkylphosphonium salt or a tetraalkylphosphonium hydroxide or a crown ether.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a macrocyclic ester of the general formula: in which m is an integer from 6 to 14 and n is an integer from 2 to 12.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of cyclic esters of the general formula: ##STR1## in which m is an integer from 6-14 and n is an integer from 2-6, which comprises heating a dicarboxylic acid bis(glycol) ester of the general formula:HO--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CO--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --OH, formula IIin which m and n are as defined above,(b) optionally, up to 100% by weight, based on the weight of ester II, of esters of the general formula:H[O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CO--].sub.x --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --OH, formula IIIH[O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.m CO--]X--OH and/orformula IVHO--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CO--[--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CO--].sub.x --OH, formula Vin which m and n are as defined previously and x is an integer >1, and(c) a glycol of the general formula:HO--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --OH, formula VIin which n has the same numerical value as in formula I-V,(d) an inert high-boiling reaction medium, and(e) a catalyst.

Abstract: A process for purifying at least 90% pure n-butyl chloride which is present in a mixture with other C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl chlorides, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alcohols, esters, ketones, nitrites, and organic sulfur compounds. In this process the mixture is first distilled, with high-boilers being separated off, and then washed in a plurality of stages with water and with dilute alkali metal hydroxide solution, and, optionally, an aqueous solution of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. In this manner, even a typical impurities may be separated off and a >99% pure product may be obtained.

Abstract: In the continuous preparation of alkyl halides from branched olefins and hydrohalic acids, the reaction is carried out without the addition of catalysts and without solvents. With a high olefin conversion, alkyl halides are obtained with high selectivity and with very good color quality.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing diesters of higher .alpha.,.omega.-dicarboxylic acids from cycloaliphatic ketones and carbonic diesters in the presence of a strongly basic agent, which involves continuously feeding a cycloaliphatic ketone having 8 to 20 ring members, at least an equimolar amount of a carbonic diester and a catalytic amount of a strongly basic agent to a reaction zone in which condensation occurs between the cycloaliphatic ketone and the carbonic diester to give the corresponding cyclic .beta.-keto acid ester enolate, which is then ring-opened by the released alcohol to give the .alpha.,.omega.-dicarboxylic diester and from which reaction mixture is continuously taken off.

Abstract: In the preparation of alkyl halides from cycloaliphatic olefins and hydrohalic acids, the reaction is carried out at a temperature below the boiling point of the olefin without the addition of catalyst and without a solvent. At a high olefin conversion rate, alkyl halides are obtained with high selectivity and with very good color quality.

Abstract: The preparation of long-chain alkyl chlorides from alcohols and hydrogen chloride is improved by carrying out the reaction at a temperature below the boiling point of the alkyl chloride, and distilling off the resulting alkyl chloride by feeding in additional hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of macrocyclic compounds by condensation of at least difunctional compounds and subsequent thermal depolymerization in the presence of catalysts, wherein thermal depolarization is carried out in solvent of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent identical or different aliphatic C.sub.1-6 hydrocarbon radicals with or without functional groups and having number average molecular weights (Mn) from 500 to 3,000, from which the value of n inevitably follows, at a pressure of less than 50 hPa and at a temperature of 200 to 300.degree. C., 5 to 1,000 parts by weight of solvent being used per part by weight of macrocyclic compound.

Abstract: Ketals of longer-chain or branched alcohols are prepared from dimethyl ketals or their ketones by reaction of the dimethyl ketals and the alcohols at high temperatures of 150.degree. to 180.degree. C. in the presence of acid catalysts. The enol ethers and mixed ketals which are separated by distillation are added to the next reaction batch and also react to form the target product. The starting material, dimethyl ketal, may also be formed during the reaction from the ketone and trimethyl orthoformate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing chlorine-free cyclopropanecarboxylic acid methyl ester is described wherein a first portion of alkali methoxide is added to a high-boiling solvent, followed by a second portion of methoxide with an equimolar portion of 4-chlorobutyric acid. The ester product can be readily hydrogenated catalytically to the corresponding carbinol.

Abstract: A tank turret including an armored turret housing having a front side provided with solid front armor, and a pivotally mounted gun including a cradle shield, cradle, recoil device and rearward breech block housing being arranged in the turret housing. The armored turret housing, or at least parts of it, are used to increase recoil mass of the gun.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for the industrial application of the Knoevenagel synthesis in an acid solution, resulting in a steady flow of waste gas.

Abstract: An arrangement for wirelessly setting, i.e. timing, ammunition provided with a programmable fuse and disposed in a gun barrel, which arrangement does not require complicated structural measures in and at the gun barrel and is not subject to the pressure and temperature influences generated by the propelling charge gases. The arrangement includes a simple and protected data transmitting unit fastened adjacent the beach of the weapon on, e.g., the interior wall or ceiling of a turret of an armored vehicle, a holding arm fixed to the weapon cradle or directly to the rear breech housing for the weapon, a special receiving antenna on the rear cartridge base or cartridge collar of the loaded ammunition, and a free optical data transmission path between the transmitter and the antenna.

Abstract: A gun includes a barrel arranged to execute a recoil and a counterrecoil after a shot is fired; a trunnion about which the barrel is pivotal in a vertical plane to assume an index position and firing positions situated at an angle to the index position; a case ejector for ejecting a case from the barrel during counterrecoil; and a counterrecoil blocking device for interrupting the counterrecoil as long as the barrel is in a firing position other than the index position and for allowing the counterrecoil to resume when the barrel assumes the index position, whereby case ejection by the case ejector is effected in the index position.

Abstract: A hydraulic recoil brake for damping both recoil and counterrecoil of a gun barrel when used with a pneumatic recuperator on the breech ring for the gun barrel. The brake has an axially extending brake cylinder fixed to the breech ring in which are disposed a fixed fluid stream control rod, and a brake piston reciprocally axially movable relative to the control rod for resisting a flow of hydraulic fluid in said brake cylinder therepast during recoil. A piston ring which is axially reciprocally displaceable on the break piston between a first and second positions is engaged by a compression spring which elastically urges the piston ring to the second position after recoil. Brake pressure from the hydraulic fluid urges the piston ring into the first position against the force of the spring during a recoil. The piston ring has an axial bore which damps the counterrecoil by resisting a flow of hydraulic fluid therepast when the piston ring is in the second position.

Abstract: A recoil brake for a gun includes a brake cylinder in which a piston is slidably arranged. As the piston moves when urged by the recoiling mass, it displaces fluid through a narrow flow cross section to thus brake the recoiling mass. The piston rod and the brake cylinder define a brake chamber formed therebetween. The recoil brake is provided with a heat equalization device that includes a heat equalization chamber which is bounded by a spring-tensioned heat equalization piston. An indicator element is coupled to the heat equalization piston for detecting an operating condition (the temperature of the hydraulic fluid) of the recoil brake. The heat equalization and indication device is a self-contained, modular unit releasably connected to a rearward end of the brake cylinder and forming an axial extension thereof. The heat equalization and indication device further has an impact plate bounding the heat equalization chamber and the brake chamber.