Abstract: A plating formulation for the electroless deposition of a metal layer on a substrate, wherein a ?-amino acid and/or ?-amino acid derivative is used as a stabilizer. The ?-amino acid is present within a range of 1 mg/L to 2 g/L. Typically, the electrolyte is free of heavy metal stabilizers, cyanides, selenium compounds and sulfur compounds comprising sulfur in an oxidation state between ?2 and +5. The inventive plating formulation can comprise 3-aminopropionic acid, 3-aminobutyric acid, 3-amino-4-methylvaleric acid, and 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid.

Abstract: A plating formulation for the electroless deposition of a metal layer on a substrate, wherein a ?-amino acid and/or ?-amino acid derivative is used as a stabilizer. The ?-amino acid is present within a range of 1 mg/L to 2 g/L. Typically, the electrolyte is free of heavy metal stabilizers, cyanides, selenium compounds and sulfur compounds comprising sulfur in an oxidation state between ?2 and +5. The inventive plating formulation can comprise 3-aminopropionic acid, 3-aminobutyric acid, 3-amino-4-methylvaleric acid, and 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte for the electroless deposition of a metal layer on a substrate, wherein the electrolyte is free of heavy metal stabilizers, cyanides, selenium compounds and sulfur compounds comprising sulfur in an oxidation state between ?2 and +5, and in which instead a ?-amino acid is used as stabilizer. In particular, the inventive electrolyte can comprise 3-aminopropionic acid, 3-aminobutyric acid, 3-amino-4-methylvaleric acid, and 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid. Furthermore, the invention is directed to a method for the electroless deposition of metal layers utilizing an inventive electrolyte as well as the use of ?-amino acids as stabilizer in electrolytes for the electroless deposition of metal layers in general.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte for the electroless deposition of a metal layer on a substrate, wherein the electrolyte is free of heavy metal stabilizers, cyanides, selenium compounds and sulfur compounds comprising sulfur in an oxidation state between ?2 and +5, and in which instead a ?-amino acid is used as stabilizer. In particular, the inventive electrolyte can comprise 3-aminopropionic acid, 3-aminobutyric acid, 3-amino-4-methylvaleric acid, and 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid. Furthermore, the invention is directed to a method for the electroless deposition of metal layers utilizing an inventive electrolyte as well as the use of ?-amino acids as stabilizer in electrolytes for the electroless deposition of metal layers in general.

Abstract: Method and plating bath apparatus for setting the ionic strength of a plating composition using Donnan dialysis by flowing the plating composition along a first surface of a membrane while simultaneously flowing a deposition metal ion exchange composition along a second surface of the membrane such that the deposition metal ion crosses the membrane from the deposition metal ion exchange composition to the plating composition while an exchange cation different from the deposition metal ion crosses the membrane from the plating composition to the deposition metal ion exchange composition.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrolyte for electroless deposition of metal layers with internal compressive stresses containing a metal base salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, an accelerator and a stabilizer. In order to make available an electrolyte of the said kind, from which uniform pore-free and crack-free metal-phosphorus coatings can be deposited with constant layers properties and high phosphorus contents at an elevated deposition rate over a long period of time, it is proposed by means of the invention that the electrolyte contain as metal base salt a metal salt whose anions contain at least one carbon atom and that is present in a starting concentration from 0.01 to 0.3 mol/L. At least one salt consisting of metal acetate, metal formate, metal oxalate, metal propionate, metal citrate and metal ascorbate, especially preferably metal acetate, is used as the metal salt whose anion contains at least one carbon atom.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for coating substrate surfaces with a metal or oxide layer in a coating bath. Said bath has at least one component the concentration of which changes during the coating process and which therefore has to be replenished or removed in order to maintain the quality of the bath. The method according to the invention is characterized in that the component is replenished and/or removed depending on the strength of the composition of the bath.

Abstract: Method and plating bath apparatus for setting the ionic strength of a plating composition using Donnan dialysis by flowing the plating composition along a first surface of a membrane while simultaneously flowing a deposition metal ion exchange composition along a second surface of the membrane such that the deposition metal ion crosses the membrane from the deposition metal ion exchange composition to the plating composition while an exchange cation different from the deposition metal ion crosses the membrane from the plating composition to the deposition metal ion exchange composition.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrolyte for electroless deposition of metal layers with internal compressive stresses containing a metal base salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, an accelerator and a stabilizer. In order to make available an electrolyte of the said kind, from which uniform pore-free and crack-free metal-phosphorus coatings can be deposited with constant layers properties and high phosphorus contents at an elevated deposition rate over a long period of time, it is proposed by means of the invention that the electrolyte contain as metal base salt a metal salt whose anions contain at least one carbon atom and that is present in a starting concentration from 0.01 to 0.3 mol/L. At least one salt consisting of metal acetate, metal formate, metal oxalate, metal propionate, metal citrate and metal ascorbate, especially preferably metal acetate, is used as the metal salt whose anion contains at least one carbon atom.

Abstract: A hydraulically actuated device for moving machine parts or the like, especially a device for pressing or fitting bearings into place in the forks of universal joints, consisting of a linear-action work cylinder, a pressure generator with a constant pressure, a supply tank with pressure medium, a main valve which controls the flow of pressure medium to provide the required amount in the work chamber of the work cylinder, a main line connecting these parts of the device, and a measurement system, which controls the main valve as a function of a measurement value, especially the center offset of the joint fork with respect to a reference axis or the like, characterized in that, between the work chamber of the work cylinder and the supply tank, a return line is provided, which has a throttle device which sharply reduces the return flow of pressure medium by comparison to the flow of medium into the work chamber.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a process and a device for the assembly of universal joints. In order to reduce the defect of center misalignment of the joint parts with respect to each other which characterized the joints after assembly, the center misalignment resulting from different pressing forces on the bearings and from other manufacturing tolerances are measured according to the invention during assembly, whereupon appropriate corrective forces are generated to eliminate the misalignment of the centers.

Abstract: A method for the assembly of universal joints with radially pretensioned fork arms, consisting of the steps of inserting and positioning the joint cross in the joint fork, pressing in the bearing and fixing them by means of pressure units, one of which supports each fork arm and pretensioning each fork arm individually during the entire pressing-in and/or fixing phase by means of the tipping force resulting from the pressure prevailing between the support element and the pressing/peening tool, reduced by a partial force following in response to the amount of the pressing force.

Abstract: A wheel construction comprising a bearing and a mantle circumscribing the bearing made of a given material, and a reinforcing ring of a material harder than the mantle which is embedded therein, the reinforcing ring having a circumferentially extending flexible protrusion extending beyond at least one axial end face of the bearing at one side of the wheel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of protein or peptide polystyrene latex compounds useful as diagnostic agents, in which a protein or peptide is linked by means of an aromatic diazonium compound to a homo- or copolymer of styrene as well as the compounds obtained by said process.

Abstract: Glucose oxidase poor in catalase containing more than 250 U/mg of protein of glucose oxidase activity and less than 0.1 U/mg of protein of catalase activity and its manufacture by precipitating a prepurified glucose oxidase composition with a water soluble salt of an acridine base and subsequent chromatography on a cation exchanger and an anion exchanger.