Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons and a selected metal in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons and the selected metal.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An in-situ oil shale production system used for economically mobilizing and extracting hydrocarbons in an underground oil shale deposit. The production system includes a plurality of injection wells, a plurality of production wells and a thermal energy carrier, called herein “TECF”. The TECF is injected through the injection wells into a naturally occurring, highly-permeable zone. The highly-permeable zone is used to create a porous heating element. The porous heating element, at high temperatures in the range of 900 to 1300 degrees F., mobilizes and retorts the hydrocarbons in the porous heating elements. The hydrocarbons with the TECF then flow from the porous heating element through the production wells to the ground surface for refining. The surface area of the large porous heating element provides a means for economic, in-situ retorting of hydrocarbons from a carbon-rich, oil shale geologic formation.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons and a selected metal in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one'injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons and the selected metal.

Abstract: A system for producing hydrocarbons in situ from a heavy-oil and tar sand fixed bed, hydrocarbon deposit distributed substantially within a porous formation. The system includes at least one injection well and at least one production well drilled into the formation. A heated thermal-energy carrier fluid is circulated into the injection well and through a hydraulic fracture in the formation. The fracture is disposed between the injection well and the production well. The carrier fluid mobilizes hydrocarbons in situ by heating the hydraulic fracture and producing mobilized hydrocarbons through the production well. The hydrocarbons are then divided into at least two fluid fractures having differing chemical compositions.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrocarbons in situ from a fixed-bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a higher permeability zone substantially parallel to, and between a top lower permeability zone and a bottom lower permeability zone. The steps include providing at least one injection well and first and second production wells in the higher permeability zone, injecting a heated thermal-energy carrier fluid (TECF) into the injection well, circulating the carrier fluid through the zone and creating a substantially horizontal situ heating element (ISHE) between the injection well and the production wells for mobilizing the hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The invention provides methods employing iterative cycles of recombination and selection/screening for evolution of whole cells and organisms toward acquisition of desired properties. Examples of such properties include enhanced recombinogenicity, genome copy number, and capacity for expression and/or secretion of proteins and secondary metabolites.

Abstract: The invention provides methods employing iterative cycles of recombination and selection/screening for evolution of whole cells and organisms toward acquisition of desired properties. Examples of such properties include enhanced recombinogenicity, genome copy number, and capacity for expression and/or secretion of proteins and secondary metabolites.

Abstract: A system and method for producing hydrocarbons in situ from an oil shale, fixed bed hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface and having a naturally occurring, water-flow leached, higher permeability zone next to a lower permeability zone. The system includes at least one injection opening and at least one production opening in the naturally occurring, water-flow leached, higher permeability zone. A heated thermal-energy carrier fluid is injected into the injection opening and circulated horizontally through the higher permeability zone. The carrier fluid pyrolyzes the hydrocarbons in the lower and higher permeability zones in situ by heating the higher permeability zone and the adjacent lower permeability zone along an interface extending substantially between from the injection opening and the production opening and produces at least a portion of the mobilized hydrocarbons by flowing the carrier fluid with the pyrolyzed hydrocarbons through the production opening to the ground surface.

Abstract: A method and system for producing hydrocarbons in situ from a heavy-oil and tar sand fixed bed, hydrocarbon deposit distributed substantially within a porous formation. The porous formation is disposed below a ground surface. The system includes at least one injection well drilled into the formation and spaced apart from at least one production well also drilled into the formation. A heated thermal-energy carrier fluid is circulated under pressure into the injection well, circulated under pressure through a hydraulic fracture in the formation. The hydraulic fracture is disposed between the injection well and the production well.

Abstract: A downhole combustion unit for creating a high temperature, high pressure, thermal energy carrier fluid (TECF) inside a drill hole, which can be injected into a hydrocarbon, permeable zone for mining and producing hydrocarbons therefrom. The combustion unit includes an outer well-bore casing cemented in place in the drill hole. An inner well-bore casing, with injection holes in a lower portion thereof is used as a combustion chamber. The inner casing is suspended inside the outer casing. The configuration of the concentric outer and inner casings provide an outer annulus therebetween for receiving water from a ground surface and circulated downwardly under pressure. Compressed air and steam are circulated down the inside of the inner casing. A gas fuel tubing is disposed inside the inner casing for discharging the fuel into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: The invention provides methods employing iterative cycles of recombination and selection/screening for evolution of whole cells and organisms toward acquisition of desired properties. Examples of such properties include enhanced recombinogenicity, genome copy number, and capacity for expression and/or secretion of proteins and secondary metabolites.

Abstract: Integrated systems and methods for diversity generation and screening are provided. The systems use common fluid and array handling components to provide nucleic acid diversification, transcription, translation, product screening and subsequent diversification reactions.

Abstract: The invention provides methods employing iterative cycles of recombination and selection/screening for evolution of whole cells and organisms toward acquisition of desired properties. Examples of such properties include enhanced recombinogenicity, genome copy number, and capacity for expression and/or secretion of proteins and secondary metabolites.

Abstract: A method and system for producing hydrocarbons in situ from an oil shale, fixed bed, hydrocarbon formation disposed below a ground surface. The hydrocarbon formation having an upper A-Groove higher permeability aquifer zone disposed above a R-rated, kerogen rich, lower permeability zone and a lower B-Groove higher permeability aquifer zone disposed below the R-rated zone. The system includes a plurality of injection wells drilled into the formation and spaced apart from a plurality of production wells also drilled into the hydrocarbon formation. A heated thermal-energy carrier fluid is circulated under pressure into the injection wells, circulated under pressure through the A-Groove and B-Groove aquifer zones for mobilizing selected hydrocarbons in the R-rated zone and pumped from the A-Groove and the B-Groove aquifer zones upwardly under pressure through the production wells to the ground surface. Selected hydrocarbons are then removed from the carrier fluid.

Abstract: The invention provides methods employing iterative cycles of recombination and selection/screening for evolution of whole cells and organisms toward acquisition of desired properties. Examples of such properties include enhanced recombinogenicity, genome copy number, and capacity for expression and/or secretion of proteins and secondary metabolites.

Abstract: Integrated systems and methods for diversity generation and screening are provided. The systems use common fluid and array handling components to provide nucleic acid diversification, transcription, translation, product screening and subsequent diversification reactions.