Abstract: A microplate device, and the manufacture thereof, for detecting biologic, metallic, organic or inorganic substances using Raman Spectroscopy or equivalent analytical methods. The microplate has an array of wells that have metal, metal oxide, or a combination thereof on bottoms and/or sides of the wells. These may be coated with a substrate of metals and/or oxides that may physically or chemically react with or bind with a target substance or with another molecule, protein, or aptomer that then binds itself to the target substance. The metal(s) and/or metal oxides may react physically or chemically with a solution in which the target substance resides, making the target substance easier to detect.

Abstract: A framework of copper oxide dendrites is formed on a copper substrate, and these are then coated or plated with silver, gold, or an equivalent metal to create metal-coated dendrites with nano-structures, favorably in range of 50 to 200 nanometers. The framework of metal-coated dendrites are well suited for use in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and other practical applications.

Abstract: A framework of copper oxide dendrites is formed on a copper substrate, and these are then coated or plated with silver, gold, or an equivalent metal to create metal-coated dendrites with nano-structures, favorably in range of 50 to 200 nanometers. The framework of metal-coated dendrites are well suited for use in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and other practical applications.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods related to an electrical wiring installation system that has a clip assembly and at least one post coupleable to the clip assembly. The clip assembly has an upper member with a first clamping surface and a threaded receptacle, and a lower member with a second clamping surface and an aperture. The upper member and the lower member are mateable such that the first clamping surface faces the second clamping surface. The post includes a base with a wire engagement member and a threaded shaft extending from the base. The threaded shaft is configured to pass through the aperture of the lower member of the clip assembly and threadably mate with the threaded receptacle of the upper member of the clip assembly.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods related to an electrical wiring installation system that has a clip assembly and at least one post coupleable to the clip assembly. The clip assembly has an upper member with a first clamping surface and a threaded receptacle, and a lower member with a second clamping surface and an aperture. The upper member and the lower member are mateable such that the first clamping surface faces the second clamping surface. The post includes a base with a wire engagement member and a threaded shaft extending from the base. The threaded shaft is configured to pass through the aperture of the lower member of the clip assembly and threadably mate with the threaded receptacle of the upper member of the clip assembly.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods related to an electrical wiring installation system that has a clip assembly and at least one post coupleable to the clip assembly. The clip assembly has an upper member with a first clamping surface and a threaded receptacle, and a lower member with a second clamping surface and an aperture. The upper member and the lower member are mateable such that the first clamping surface faces the second clamping surface. The post includes a base with a wire engagement member and a threaded shaft extending from the base. The threaded shaft is configured to pass through the aperture of the lower member of the clip assembly and threadably mate with the threaded receptacle of the upper member of the clip assembly.

Abstract: A trimming system for a user-operated ground vehicle capable of performing mowing and trimming operations. The system includes a drive operatively coupled to a drive system of the vehicle having the trimming system mounted thereon, and a trimming unit operatively coupled to the drive for performing edge trimming operations. The drive may include at least one driven pulley operatively coupled to a drive pulley of the vehicle for driving the trimming unit. The drive pulley may be coupled to a mowing unit and the trimming unit to either selectively or simultaneously drive the mowing and trimming units. A guide wheel may be mounted on the vehicle adjacent the trimming unit for maintaining the trimming wires of the trimming unit at a predetermined distance from a stationary object during performance of edge trimming operations.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring rub-off from an image-bearing substrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring rub-off from an image-bearing substrate.