Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming pre-feed agglomerates containing phosphate ore particles, carbonaceous material particles, and silica particles and heating the pre-feed agglomerates in a reducing or inert atmosphere to an induration temperature from above 900 C to less than 1180 C and maintaining the induration temperature for 15 minutes or more. The method includes forming feed agglomerates and increasing a compression strength of the feed agglomerates to above 25 lbf using the heating, the feed agglomerates exhibiting a calcium-to-silica mole ratio less than 1 and a silica-to-(calcium+magnesium) mole ratio greater than 2. A reducing kiln bed is formed using the feed agglomerates, kiln off-gas is generated, and phosphorous pentoxide is collected from the kiln off gas.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming pre-feed agglomerates containing phosphate ore particles, carbonaceous material particles, and silica particles and heating the pre-feed agglomerates in a reducing or inert atmosphere to an induration temperature from above 900 C to less than 1180 C and maintaining the induration temperature for 15 minutes or more. The method includes forming feed agglomerates and increasing a compression strength of the feed agglomerates to above 25 lbf using the heating, the feed agglomerates exhibiting a calcium-to-silica mole ratio less than 1 and a silica-to-(calcium+magnesium) mole ratio greater than 2. A reducing kiln bed is formed using the feed agglomerates, kiln off-gas is generated, and phosphorous pentoxide is collected from the kiln off gas.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a reducing kiln bed using feed agglomerates containing a lignin sulfonate both inside the agglomerates and coating a surface of individual agglomerates. Freeboard particulates are generated from the agglomerates, an amount of particulates generated being less than would occur in the method with no lignin sulfonate. Kiln off gas is generated and phosphorous pentoxide is collected from the kiln off gas. The kiln discharges a residue containing processed agglomerates, less than 20% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remaining in the residue. The percentage of input phosphate that remains in the residue is less than would occur in the method with no lignin sulfonate. The method may include forming green agglomerates. Controlling a drying rate of the green agglomerates may wick some of the lignin sulfonate onto the surface of individual drying agglomerates without adhering the agglomerates together.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a reducing kiln bed using feed agglomerates containing a lignin sulfonate both inside the agglomerates and coating a surface of individual agglomerates. Freeboard particulates are generated from the agglomerates, an amount of particulates generated being less than would occur in the method with no lignin sulfonate. Kiln off gas is generated and phosphorous pentoxide is collected from the kiln off gas. The kiln discharges a residue containing processed agglomerates, less than 20% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remaining in the residue. The percentage of input phosphate that remains in the residue is less than would occur in the method with no lignin sulfonate. The method may include forming green agglomerates. Controlling a drying rate of the green agglomerates may wick some of the lignin sulfonate onto the surface of individual drying agglomerates without adhering the agglomerates together.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a kiln bed using feed agglomerates with a calcium-to-silica mole ratio of from 0.5 to 1.0 and maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1260° C. along a portion of the bed length without exceeding 1380° C. along the entire bed length. Less than 10% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remains in the kiln residue as phosphate. Another method includes maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along a portion of the bed length and establishing a bed surface-to-volume ratio multiplied by a time for bed heat up to 1180° C. of less than 50 minutes-ft2/ft3.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a kiln bed using feed agglomerates with a calcium-to-silica mole ratio of from 0.5 to 1.0 and maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1260° C. along a portion of the bed length without exceeding 1380° C. along the entire bed length. Less than 10% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remains in the kiln residue as phosphate. Another method includes maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along a portion of the bed length and establishing a bed surface-to-volume ratio multiplied by a time for bed heat up to 1180° C. of less than 50 minutes-ft2/ft3.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a kiln bed using feed agglomerates with a calcium-to-silica mole ratio of less than 1.0 and maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along at least 50% of the bed length without exceeding 1380° C. along the entire bed length. Less than 10% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remains in the kiln residue as phosphate. Another method includes maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along a portion of the bed length and establishing a bed surface-to-volume ratio multiplied by a time for bed heat up to 1180° C. of less than 50 minutes-ft2/ft3.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a kiln bed using feed agglomerates with a calcium-to-silica mole ratio of less than 1.0 and maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along at least 50% of the bed length without exceeding 1380° C. along the entire bed length. Less than 10% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remains in the kiln residue as phosphate. Another method includes maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along a portion of the bed length and establishing a bed surface-to-volume ratio multiplied by a time for bed heat up to 1180° C. of less than 50 minutes-ft2/ft3.

Abstract: A refractory metal recovery method includes applying a coolant to a wheel grinding operation at a total rate exceeding a total rate at which the coolant evaporates and distributing the coolant across an interface with the abrasive wheel sufficient to apply the coolant at local rates exceeding local rates at which the coolant evaporates. The method produces refractory metal swarf and decreases oxidation of the swarf compared to dry grinding, allowing collection of the swarf. The abrasive grit may have a size of from about 16 to about 24 mesh and the coolant may contain a nitrite.

Abstract: A phosphorous pentoxide producing method includes forming a kiln bed using feed agglomerates with a calcium-to-silica mole ratio of less than 1.0 and maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along at least 50% of the bed length without exceeding 1380° C. along the entire bed length. Less than 10% of the agglomerates' phosphate input to the kiln remains in the kiln residue as phosphate. Another method includes maintaining a bed temperature at or above 1180° C. along a portion of the bed length and establishing a bed surface-to-volume ratio multiplied by a time for bed heat up to 1180° C. of less than 50 minutes-ft2/ft3.

Abstract: A method of grain refining aluminum, the method comprising providing a molten aluminum body containing at least one of the metals selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and beryllium. A material reactive with the titanium is introduced preferably in gaseous form to the aluminum body. The material has a component selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus. The material and said metal form a grain refining compound adapted for grain refining the aluminum.

Abstract: A method of grain refining aluminum, the method comprising providing a molten aluminum body containing 1 to 3000 ppm titanium. A material reactive with the titanium is introduced preferably in gaseous form to the aluminum body. The material has a component selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus. The material and said titanium form a grain refining compound adapted for grain refining the aluminum.

Abstract: The process for removing titanium metal and alloys from nickel metal, nickel metal alloys, cobalt metal and cobalt metal alloys by leaching out the titanium metal and/or alloys with a hydrofluoric acid solution, oxidizing Ti.sup.+3 to Ti.sup.+4 salts in the leached metals or alloys with an aqueous oxidant, and rinsing the leached metal with water to yield nickel metal, nickel metal alloys, cobalt metal, and/or cobalt metal alloys substantially free of titanium and tin.

Abstract: A clean refractory metal sponge fines product is made from refractory metal sponge fines free of refractory metal oxides, carbides, nitrides and binary iron alloys; silicon carbide, oils, greases and organic compounds; salt; dust; dirt; pieces of iron, iron alloy and tungsten carbide; and light contaminants. The sponge fines are vigorously washed and rinsed with a displacement wash to remove the bulk of the wash fluid and subject to a counter-current wash to yield clean refractory metal sponge fines. The clean sponge fines can be pressed into briquettes and sintered at elevated pressures, or mixed with an alkali metal refractory metal halide slat, pressed at elevated pressures into sponge fines/salt briquettes and dried or pressed into briquettes, dried and packaged, or pressed into briquettes and stored wet. The briquettes are non-pyrophoric.

Abstract: A clean refractory metal SWARF particle product is made from refractory metal SWARF. The SWARF particles are produced with coolant at a temperature less than 650.degree. C. to prevent formation of refractory metal oxides and nitrides. The SWARF particles are comminuted to reduce the particle size of the SWARF slivers and to liberate residual coolant The comminuted SWARF slivers are washed with a displacement wash to remove the bulk of the coolant and subject to a counter current wash to remove substantially all of the coolant components to produce to clean SWARF particles. The clean SWARF particles can be pressed into briquettes and sintered at elevated pressures or mixed with an alkali metal refractory metal halide salt, pressed at elevated pressures into SWARF/soft briquettes and dried. The briquettes are non-pyrophoric.

Abstract: A clean refractory metal SWARF particle product is made from refractory metal SWARF. The SWARF particles are produced with coolant at a temperature of less than 650.degree. C. to prevent formation of refractory metal oxides and nitrides. The SWARF particles are comminuted to reduce the particle size of theh SWARF slivers and to liberate residual coolant. The comminuted SWARF slivers are washed with a displacement wash to remove the bulk of the coolant and subject to a counter-current wash to remove substantially all of the coolant components to produce clean SWARF particles. The clean SWARF particles can be pressed into briquettes and sintered at elevated pressures or mixed with an alkali metal refractory metal halide salt, pressed at elevated pressures into SWARF/salt briquettes and dried. The briquettes are non-pyrophoric.

Abstract: A process for recovering alkali titanium fluoride salts suitable for commercial use from spent pickle acid liquors containing titanium by adjusting the fluoride to titanium mole ratio to critical ranges, adding an excess of alkali metal salt, and gently agitating the resulting solution at a temperature of at least 22.degree. C. to crystallize out the alkali metal titanium fluoride salt. The resulting filtrate can be neutralized with lime to yield a much reduced quantity of environmentally safe solid wastes compared with current neutralization practices where a titanium salt is not first recovered. (Optionally, in some cases, the filtrate can be recycled back to the acid pickling operation.) The liquid waste from filtering the neutral solids is low in metals and fluorides and generally acceptable for discharge to public treatment systems.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a continuous, countercurrent process for reducing an alakli metal fluotitanate salt, e.g. Na.sub.2 TiF.sub.

Abstract: Passified Zinc Soluble Metal-Based Metal particles having a controlled particle size distribution suitable for metallurgy usage without additional particle size reduction and process for making the same. Such metal particles are substantially free of halides, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon and are produced at temperatures considerably below that of arc melting temperatures of Zinc Soluble Metal-Based Metals and alloys based thereon.

Abstract: Passified Group IVb transition metal-based metal particles having a controlled particle size distribution suitable for metallurgy usage without additional particle size reduction and process for making the same. Such metal particles are substantially free of halides, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon and are produced at temperatures considerably below that of arc melting temperatures of Group IVb transition metals and alloys based thereon.