Abstract: Methods are provided for determining ice formation during cruising under cold weather conditions at the intake manifold or throttle body of an engine system and for enabling engine misfire diagnostics upon detection of dissipation of the formed ice.

Abstract: Methods are provided for determining ice formation during cruising under cold weather conditions at the intake manifold or throttle body of an engine system and for enabling engine misfire diagnostics upon detection of dissipation of the formed ice.

Abstract: A method of introducing a second stereogenic center into a tetrahydro-?-carboline have two stereogenic centers using a modified Pictet-Spengler reaction is disclosed. The method provides a desired cis- or trans-isomer in high yield and purity, and in short processes times.

Abstract: Oxydiphthalic anhydrides of the formula ##STR1## are prepared by reacting a halophthalic anhydride with potassium carbonate in:(1) a solvent-free reaction medium wherein the molar ratio of halophthalic anhydride:potassium carbonate is greater than 2:1; or(2) a high boiling solvent which improves the mixing of the components, and aids in subsequent purification of the product. The molar ratio of halophthalic anhydride to potassium carbonate is about 1.5:1 or greater.The oxydiphthalic anhydride can be purified by filtering or centrifuging a hot solution of the oxydiphthalic anhydride in a high boiling solvent to remove impurities, followed by cooling the solution to precipitate the oxydiphthalic anhydride, which can be removed from the solution by filtration or centrifuging.

Abstract: Oxydiphthalic anhydrides of the formula ##STR1## are prepared by reacting a halophthalic anhydride with potassium carbonate in:(1) a solvent-free reaction medium wherein the molar ratio of halophthalic anhydride:potassium carbonate is greater than 2:1; or(2) a high boiling solvent which improves the mixing of the components, and aids in subsequent purification of the product. The molar ratio of halophthalic anhydride to potassium carbonate is about 1.5:1 or greater.The oxydiphthalic anhydride can be purified by filtering or centrifuging a hot solution of the oxydiphthalic anhydride in a high boiling solvent to remove impurities, followed by cooling the solution to precipitate the oxydiphthalic anhydride, which can be removed from the solution by filtration or centrifuging.

Abstract: 4,4-dihalohexahydrophthalic anhydrides of the formula ##STR1## where Y is chlorine or fluorine, are prepared by the reaction of hydrogen fluoride with 4-chlorotetrahydrophthalic anhydride.The 4,4-dihalohexahydrophthalic anhydrides of this invention can be dehydrohalogenated by reaction with basic alumina to prepare a mixture of 4-fluorotetrahydrophthalic anhydride isomers of the formula ##STR2## The 4-fluorotetrahydrophthalic anhydrides can then be dehydrogenated by reaction with a dehydrogenation catalyst to prepare 4-fluorophthalic anhydride.

Abstract: Oxy-diphthalic anhydrides are prepared by reacting a halophthalic anhydride with water and an alkali metal compound such as KF, CsF or K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 in the presence of a polar, aprotic solvent.

Abstract: A process for preparing an aromatic polyester derived from aromatic dicarboxylic acid and bisphenol includes adding a phosphite stabilizer to reduce coloration and reduce loss of intrinsic viscosity of the aromatic polyester to a molten mixture of the monomeric reactants or prepolymer.

Abstract: A bisphenol is stabilized against thermal decomposition in the molten state in a non-reactive environment by incorporation in the bisphenol of a small stabilizing amount of a quaternary ester of ortho titanic acid and an aliphatic alcohol.

Abstract: High molecular weight, linear aromatic polyesters having an ordered microstructure are produced in an improved solution polycondensation process in which the hydroxyl component is added to the acid halide.

Abstract: High molecular weight, linear aromatic polyesters are produced in an improved solution polycondensation process in which the hydroxyl component is added to the acid halide.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein, X is from 1 to 12; Z is a member selected from the group consisting of --H, --NH.sub.4, alkali metal, lower alkyl and lower hydroxyalkyl; R is a member selected from the group consisting of ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 2,3-butylene, styrlene and mixtures thereof; R' is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkenylene and cycloalkylene moieties containing at least two nuclear carbon atoms and in which any substituent is selected from the group consisting of carboxy, halo and lower alkyl substituents; M is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon of 1-20 carbon atoms --RO--H, and ##STR2## wherein R, X, R' and Z are as above defined; and p is an integer from 0-1, providing when p is 0, ##STR3## IS HYDROGEN, ARE NON-STAINING OR SLIGHTLY STAINING ANTIOXIDANTS POSSESSING ANTIOZONANT PROPERTIES FOR USE AS ANTIDEGRADANTS IN COMBINATION WITH OXIDIZABLE ORGANIC SUBSTRATES.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein, X is from 1 to 12; Z is a member selected from the group consisting of --H, --NH.sub.4, alkali metal, lower alkyl and lower hydroxyalkyl; R is a member selected from the group consisting of ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 2,3-butylene, styrylene and mixtures thereof; R' is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkenylene, arylene and cycloalkylene moieties containing at least two nuclear carbon atoms and in which any substituent is selected from the group consisting of carboxy, halo and lower alkyl substituents; M is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon of 1-20 carbon atoms, --RO).sub.x H, and ##STR2## wherein R, X, R' and Z are as above defined; and P is an integer from 0-1, providing when p is 0, ##STR3## is hydrogen, are non-staining or slightly staining antioxidants possessing antiozonant properties for use as antidegradants in combination with oxidizable organic substrates.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## WHEREIN R is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, 1,2 propylene, 1,2 butylene, 2,3 butylene, styrylene and mixtures thereof,x is an integer from 1 to 12,R.sup.1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl,n is an integer from 1 to 3,Each m is a member, selected independently from the group consisting of hydrocarbon of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, --RO-- , --RO-- H and --RO-- P(OR').sub.3.sup.-n,Wherein R, R', n and x are as above described, providing where m is --RO-- , the O-- bond thereof is attached to the phosphorus of an adjacent P(OR') moiety of a common nitrogen, andP is 0 or 1, providing that when p is ##STR2## IS HYDROGEN, ARE DISCLOSED HAVING UTILITY AS NON-STAINING ANTIOXIDANTS.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##SPC1##WhereinR is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, 1,2 propylene, 1,2 butylene, 2,3 butylene, styrylene and mixtures thereof,x is an integer from 1 to 12,R' is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl,n is an integer from 1 to 3,Each m is a member, selected independently from the group consisting of hydrocarbon of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (RO).sub.x, (RO).sub.x H andP(OR').sub.3-n,Wherein R, R', n and x are as above described, providing where m is (RO).sub.x, the O-- bond thereof is attached to the phosphorus of an adjacent P(OR') moiety of a common nitrogen, andz is 0 or 1, providing that when z is ##EQU1## IS HYDROGEN, ARE DISCLOSED HAVING UTILITY AS NON-STAINING ANTIOXIDANTS.