Abstract: In some cases, a localization service may identify candidate strings in the source code of an application. Further, the localization service may determine whether the candidate strings are displayed literals in a first human-perceivable language. In addition, the localization service may replace the identified displayed literals with identification tokens to generate pivot source code. In some examples, an identification token may include a JavaScript function that returns a translation of a displayed literal in a second human-perceivable language or any other desired human-perceivable language. Further, the localization service may verify pivot source code by comparing a localized application corresponding to the pivot source code to the application with the original source code of the application.