Abstract: A lampshade structure is fabricated from a collapsible, semi-flexible sheet material onto which pre-fastened magnetic strips are attached. One or more collapsible spring steel strip hoop(s) is magnetically adhered to the magnetic strips to thereby create a semi-rigid tubular structure. As part of a kit in the collapsed configuration, each spring steel strip hoop is folded upon itself and the flexible sheet material with a pre-fastened magnetic strip is rolled into a small diameter. In the expanded configuration, the spring steel strip hoop(s) is unfolded and expanded, whereupon the sheet material with pre-fastened magnetic strip is wrapped around the circumference of the spring steel strip hoop(s) relying solely on magnetic attraction as a fastening system in creating a semi-rigid hollow structure. This resultant collapsed assembly is 1/9th the volume of the fully expanded structure, thereby saving considerable shipping costs, both in the labor required for packaging materials and actual transportation costs.

Abstract: Method and sampling apparatus for obtaining accurate carbon samples in ultra-low carbon melts includes a capping system for the fill tube which uses Pyrex or low carbon steel caps, preheating or preigniting parts to burn off contaminants and a zircon coating can be employed around the immersion vehicle to prevent carbon contaminants from reaching the sample mold.