Abstract: The invention is a method of making an improved internally supported electrode which comprises:(a) contacting a first exposed member with a plurality of projections located on a first surface of a gas permeable support section;(b) contacting a second exposed member with a plurality of projections on a second surface of the support section; wherein the projections on each surface are separated by a distance of at least about 0.1 inch;(c) imbedding at least a portion of the projections into each of the exposed members; and(d) bonding the imbedded projections to each of the exposed members.

Abstract: A porous, two layer electrode which may be used as an anode or a cathode and a cell using one or more of the electrodes. The electrode is in a pocket shaped configuration with the inner layer having interstitial passageways which are larger in diameter than the diameter of the corresponding interstitial passageways in the outer layer. The layers may be composed of metallic particles. A catalytically active material may be applied to the electrode. The electrodes are particularly useful as oxygen depolarized cathodes in electrolytic processes.

Abstract: A permeable substrate is coated with a film of silver deposited from an aqueous electroless silver plating solution. The process provides substantially total extraction or depletion of the silver from the solution. The process permits deposition of closely controlled amounts of silver on well-defined permeable areas.

Abstract: A process for operating an electrolytic cell having a relatively-massive dual porosity gas electrode particularly well suited and adapted for utilization as a vertically-disposed oxygen gas-bearing electrochemically reducing cathode in electrolytic cells wherein, for efficient and practical, commercially-large-scale-output operations, there are required to be employed substantial electrolyte liquid depths creating considerable head pressures generally greater than at least about 1 psi (ca. 0.69 dynes/cm.sup.

Abstract: A porous, two layer electrode which may be used as an anode or a cathode and a cell using one or more of the electrodes. The electrode is in a pocket shaped configuration with the inner layer having interstitial passageways which are larger in diameter than the diameter of the corresponding interstitial passageways in the outer layer. The layers may be composed of metallic particles. A catalytically active material may be applied to the electrode. The electrodes are particularly useful as oxygen depolarized cathodes in electrolytic processes.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell and a method of operating an electrolytic cell having an electrically conductive, foraminous separator support element which is maintained at a voltage potential sufficient to minimize the occurrence of substantial amounts of anodic reactions and cathodic reactions, thereby minimizing corrosion and bipolar effects at the support element.

Abstract: A relatively-massive dual porosity gas electrode particularly well suited and adapted for utilization as a vertically-disposed oxygen gas-bearing electrochemically reducing cathode in electrolytic cells wherein, for efficient and practical, commercially-large-scale-output operations, there are required to be employed substantial electrolyte liquid depths creating considerable head pressures generally greater than at least about 1 psi (ca. 0.69 dynes/cm.sup.

Abstract: The diaphragm or equivalent element in an electrolytic cell is disposed on and maintained by a foraminous metallic or other electroconductive support structure which is electrically connected to the cathode in the cell so that both the supported diaphragm or other separator unit structure and the cathode have the same potential thereby at least minimizing and frequently even avoiding bipolar effects during cell operation.

Abstract: A porous nickel body is interiorly silver plated in a two-step procedure by: first, acid etching the nickel surface for activation; then plating the activated surface by replacement of elemental nickel thereon with silver from a dissolved aqueous cyanide or equivalent silver salt.