Abstract: A process for refining platinum group metals (PGM) first removes concentrations of base metals (BM) from the PGM through precipitation of the BM by increasing alkalinity in the dissolving aqueous solution. A large fraction of the aqueous solution is distilled before increasing alkalinity. Os is recovered from the distillate The aqueous solution is heated following precipitation of the BM; and the PGM is loaded on borane containing reduction resins. The loaded resins are washed; and the PGM is stripped from the resins with gaseous oxygen. The stripped PGM are then processed using only substituted quaternary ammonium salt (SQAS) as the refining reagent. The waste solutions from the refining are all combined together; solvent is removed; residual PGM is recycled in the process; and concentrated SQAS is recovered for further refining. Pt, Pd and Ru are refined from acidic SQAS solutions by reducing the metals from the solutions with H2.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of metals selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and gold (PM) from solids includes dissolving the PM and base metals in an acidic halide aqueous solution and precipitating the PM using substituted quaternary ammonium salts (SQAS). PM having multiple oxidation states may be oxidized or reduced to separate through differential solubility. Au-SQAS is separated by washing the precipitate with a suitable organic solvent. Rh-SQAS and other PM with multiple oxidation states are dissolved in a strong halide acid solution and oxidized to separate soluble Rh. Pb and Pd are separated by boiling the initial acidic halide aqueous solution of metals in an excess of SQAS. The Pb and Pd filtrate is oxidized and then Pd-SQAS is dissolved in aqueous ammonia and separated from insoluble Pb. A slurry of Ir-SQAS and Pt-SQAS are separated through dissolution of Ir-SQAS with NaNO2.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: Processing for the extraction of metals consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, rhenium and gold (PGMRA) includes dissolution of the PGMRA metals from solid materials in an acidic aqueous solution, preferably with a halogen acid sparged with the corresponding halogen element. The acidic solution is then exposed to extraction material of non-cross-linked polyamine composite resin. The bound metal, following washing of the extraction material is eluted from the resin using stronger acidic processes than that provided in the wash of the resin. Conventional extraction by organic solvents or other known techniques is employed to recover the PGMRA metals. Rhodium is separated from the rest of the PGMRA metals either near the beginning or the end of the process. Rhodium is separated by creating hydroxides with the metals in the solution and then reacidifying the metals such that the rhodium remains as aquochlororhodate complexes.

Abstract: Processing for the extraction of metals consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, rhenium and gold (PGMRA) includes dissolution of the PGMRA metals from solid materials in an acidic aqueous solution, preferably with a halogen acid sparged with the corresponding halogen element. The acidic solution is then exposed to extraction material of non-cross-linked polyamine composite resin. The bound metal, following washing of the extraction material is eluted from the resin using stronger acidic processes than that provided in the wash of the resin. Conventional extraction by organic solvents or other known techniques is employed to recover the PGMRA metals. Rhodium is separated from the rest of the PGMRA metals either near the beginning or the end of the process. Rhodium is separated by creating hydroxides with the metals in the solution and then reacidifying the metals such that the rhodium remains as aquochlororhodate complexes.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: Processing for the extraction of metals consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, rhenium and gold (PGMRA) includes dissolution of the PGMRA metals from solid materials in an acidic aqueous solution, preferably with a halogen acid sparged with the corresponding halogen element. The acidic solution is then exposed to extraction material of non-cross-linked polyamine composite resin. The bound metal, following washing of the extraction material is eluted from the resin using stronger acidic processes than that provided in the wash of the resin. Conventional extraction by organic solvents or other known techniques is employed to recover the PGMRA metals. Rhodium is separated from the rest of the PGMRA metals either near the beginning or the end of the process. Rhodium is separated by creating hydroxides with the metals in the solution and then reacidifying the metals such that the rhodium remains as aquochlororhodate complexes.

Abstract: A frame for a die casting machine, including a first side, a second side, a toggle endpiece and a die endpiece opposite the toggle endpiece, one of the first and second sides having an upper frame member with a die end and a toggle end, the die end being releasably secured to the die endpiece, and a lower frame member integrally joined to the die endpiece and the toggle endpiece, the other of the first and second sides having upper and lower frame members integrally joined to the die and toggle endpieces.