Abstract: A battery management system is disclosed for control of individual cells in a battery pack. The battery management system includes a cell, a micro controller, a bleed off resistor, an analog circuit which includes a powered gate. In practice the powered gate which resides in the analog circuit is smartly configured such that in the event the micro controller becomes unresponsive while the bleed off resistor is connected to a cell the powered gate will open thereby disconnecting the bleed off resistor from the cell.

Abstract: A particle detection system uses a reflective optic comprising a curved surface to detect high angle scattered light generated by a particle in a liquid medium, when a laser beam is incident on the particle. When the particles transit the laser beam, light is scattered in all directions and is described by MIE scattering theory for particles about the size of the wavelength of light and larger or Rayleigh Scattering when the particles are smaller than the wavelength of light. By using the reflective optic, the scattered light can be detected over angles that are greater than normally obtainable.

Abstract: A particle detection system uses a reflective optic comprising a curved surface to detect high angle scattered light generated by a particle in a liquid medium, when a laser beam is incident on the particle. When the particles transit the laser beam, light is scattered in all directions and is described by MIE scattering theory for particles about the size of the wavelength of light and larger or Rayleigh Scattering when the particles are smaller than the wavelength of light. By using the reflective optic, the scattered light can be detected over angles that are greater than normally obtainable.

Abstract: A particle detection system uses a reflective optic comprising a curved surface to detect high angle scattered light generated by a particle in a liquid medium, when a laser beam is incident on the particle. When the particles transit the laser beam, light is scattered in all directions and is described by MIE scattering theory for particles about the size of the wavelength of light and larger or Rayleigh Scattering when the particles are smaller than the wavelength of light. By using the reflective optic, the scattered light can be detected over angles that are greater than normally obtainable.

Abstract: An area measurement device having a support to be moved around a boundary. A direction indicator determines the directional orientation of the support and creates direction data. A distance indicator determines the distance traveled by the support and creates distance data. A microprocessor receives the direction data and distance data and calculates the area inside the boundary based on this data.