Abstract: Continuous, monoatomic thick graphite sheets/ribbons are produced utilizing laser desorption/ionization techniques. These techniques and others are generalized toward production of continuous, monoatomic/monomolecular thick structures.

Abstract: Micro-symbols or scenes formed on the optical surfaces of laser diode arrays, MEMS arrays, and optical fiber image tunnel arrays, and the like, allow these devices to function as laser pulse image switches, producing streams of laser pulses, each an image of the micro-symbols or scenes.

Abstract: Four-cycle rotary engines, with an even number of hinged-hub impeller vanes, utilize dependently rotating, joined, hinged-hub impellers, with interdigitated, alternating hub sections, on a shared, power output shaft, and electromagnetic fields, and timing of impeller release and capture, to provide real time compression ratio control, and to control the momentum of the rotating impellers, and mechanical clutches to transfer the rotation to the power shaft.