Abstract: A substance determining apparatus determines a substance within a fluid where particles, which have attached the substance, are bound to a binding surface. A sensing unit is configured to generate a sensing signal being indicative of at least one of i) a distance between the particles bound on the binding surface and the binding surface, and ii) an in-plane position of the particles bound on the binding surface. A binding discrimination unit is configured to discriminate between different kinds of binding of the particles bound on the binding surface depending on the generated sensing signal. The binding discrimination unit may be a unit for determining the part of the sensing signal being caused by specifically bound particles and for determining the substance based on this determined part of the sensing signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides an FTIR system comprising a first light source emitting light of a first wavelength, a sample volume with an adjacent sensor surface, a detector for detecting light reflected at said sensor surface. The sensor surface is illuminated by said first light source fulfilling the condition of total internal reflection and generating an evanescent field with a decay length within the sample volume. The system further comprises means for changing the decay length of the evanescent field and means for correlating the detected signals with the change of the decay length of the evanescent field.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substance determining apparatus for determining a substance within a fluid. Particles, which have attached the substance, are bound to a binding surface (30). A sensing unit (33) is adapted to generate a sensing signal being indicative of at least one of i) a distance between the particles bound on the binding surface (30) and the binding surface (30) and ii) an in-plane position of the particles bound on the binding surface. A binding discrimination unit (34) is adapted to discriminate between different kinds of binding of the particles bound on the binding surface (30) depending on the generated sensing signal. The binding discrimination unit (34) is preferentially a unit for determining the part of the sensing signal being caused by specifically bound particles and to determine the substance based on this determined part of the sensing signal.

Abstract: Information carrier, comprising a disc (101) which is provided with at least one data layer (102) for optically reading and/or writing information, wherein the disc comprises an annular clamping part (C), to be held by a clamper (121) during use, wherein the disc comprises at least one integrated circuit (103), wherein said integrated circuit comprises a first communicator (104) for communication with at least a second, external, communicator (111) during use, wherein the first communicator extends in a centre area (T) which is enclosed by said annular clamping part.