Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods of providing an effective amount of an N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) or diNACA sufficient to increase the concentration of NACA or diNACA in the affected tissue to biochemically reduce oxidative stress-related damage to tissue; utilizing NACA or diNACA that comprises at least one of impurities B1 or B2, which are indicative of NACA or diNACA manufactured by a process comprising: contacting cystine with methanol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride and optionally isolating and drying the cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining the dried or undried cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with triethylamine, acetic anhydride, and acetonitrile to form di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing the di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form di-N-acetylcystine amide (diNACA or NPI-002); and reducing the di-N-acetylcystine amide to N-acetylcysteine, NACA or NPI-001 with a reducin

Abstract: Presented herein are methods for making, isolating, and purifying N-acetylcysteine amide, (2R,2R?)-3,3?-disulfanediyl bis(2-acetamidopropanamide, diNACA), intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: alternatively contacting cystine with methanol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide (diNACA); and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine, and an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for making and isolating N-acetylcysteine amide, (2R,2R?)-3,3?-disulfanediyl bis(2-acetamidopropanamide, diNACA), intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: contacting cystine with an alcohol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide (diNACA); and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine and an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for making and isolating N-acetylcysteine amide, (2R,2R?)-3,3?-disulfanediyl bis(2-acetamidopropanamide, diNACA), intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: contacting cystine with an alcohol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide (diNACA); and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine and an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for making and isolating N-acetylcysteine amide, (2R,2R?)-3,3?-disulfanediyl bis(2-acetamidopropanamide, diNACA), intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: contacting cystine with an alcohol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide (diNACA); and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine and an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for making and isolating N-acetylcysteine amide, (2R,2R?)-3,3?-disulfanediyl bis(2-acetamidopropanamide, diNACA), intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: contacting cystine with an alcohol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide (diNACA); and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine and an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for making and isolating N-acetylcysteine amide, intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: contacting cystine with an alcohol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide; and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine and an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for making and isolating N-acetylcysteine amide, intermediates and derivatives thereof comprising: contacting cystine with an alcohol and a chlorinating reagent to form an organic solution containing L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride; combining dried or undried L-cystine dimethylester dihydrochloride with a triethylamine, an acetic anhydride, and an acetonitrile to form a di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester; mixing dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester with ammonium hydroxide to form a di-N-acetylcystine amide; and separating dried di-N-acetylcystine dimethylester into N-acetylcysteine amide with dithiothreitol, triethylamine and an alcohol.