Abstract: An unenrolled lightweight node is on a decentralized network with a trusted node and a plurality of peers. The unenrolled lightweight node and the peers run a lightweight blockchain consensus algorithm. The unenrolled lightweight node includes (a) circuitry for storing a token that includes a signature that includes at least a signature of at least a first identifier signed with a private key of the trusted node, the first identifier being associated with a public key of the unenrolled lightweight node, and (b) circuitry for broadcasting a request for blockchain enrollment of the unenrolled lightweight node to the plurality of peers. The authentication request including at least a second identifier that is associated with at least a public key of the unenrolled lightweight node, a signature created with at least the second identifier and a corresponding private key of the unenrolled lightweight node, and the token.

Abstract: A system and method for a switching network is disclosed. A plurality of first switching assemblies, second switching assemblies and intermediate switching assemblies with each of the first switching assemblies, second switching assemblies and intermediate switching assemblies having at least two input ports and output ports is provided. Selective one of the two input ports is configured to receive a data to be processed and delivered at a designated one of the output ports. Received data passes through one or more selective first switching assemblies, one or more intermediate switching assemblies and one or more selective second switching assemblies, before the received data is delivered to the designated port. A plurality of additional data is received in one or more of the input ports to be delivered to one or more designated output ports is processed before the received data is delivered to the designated one of the output ports.

Abstract: A lightweight node in a decentralized network includes stores a blockchain with a plurality of blocks. The lightweight node adds blocks to the blockchain successively. A given block having a header and a body. The header includes a data merkle root generated as a root hash of a data merkle tree with one or more leaf nodes that are one or more hashes. A given hash being a hash of a combination of (1) a public key associated with a lightweight node of the decentralized network and (2) of a validity value associated with the public key indicating whether the public key is a valid public key. The data merkle root being insufficient for restoring the data merkle tree. But with a public key and an intermediate hash the date merkle root is sufficient for at least partly verifying the public key.

Abstract: An unenrolled lightweight node is on a decentralized network with a trusted node and a plurality of peers. The unenrolled lightweight node and the peers run a lightweight blockchain consensus algorithm. The unenrolled lightweight node includes (a) circuitry for storing a token that includes a signature that includes at least a signature of at least a first identifier signed with a private key of the trusted node, the first identifier being associated with a public key of the unenrolled lightweight node, and (b) circuitry for broadcasting a request for blockchain enrollment of the unenrolled lightweight node to the plurality of peers. The authentication request including at least a second identifier that is associated with at least a public key of the unenrolled lightweight node, a signature created with at least the second identifier and a corresponding private key of the unenrolled lightweight node, and the token.

Abstract: A method is performed with a group of chiplets. The method includes: (1) parsing a message into at least a group of ordered message blocks associated with a group of index values, which are indicative of positions of individual message blocks relative to one another; (2) generating two or more substitution values based at least in part on execution of two or more pseudo-random number generators (PNRG's) using seeds associated with the bits of blocks of the group of message blocks; (3) generating two or more sequencing values based at least in part on execution of two or more PNRG's using seeds associated with index values of the group of index values; (4) generating a group of ciphertext blocks at least in part with XOR operations using at least the substitution values and the sequencing values; (5) concatenating the group of ciphertext blocks; and (6) transmitting.

Abstract: A cryptographic method includes (1) with the first chiplet, parsing a message into one or more message blocks (2) dynamically generating a first target value that is associated with a first key (3) dynamically generating a second target value that is associated with a second key (4) encrypting at least one message block of the at least one or more message blocks to generate some ciphertext, the encryption being performed with at least one operation that includes at least one XOR operation, the at least one XOR operation performed at least in part with the first target value and with at least the second target value, the first target value and the second target value being accessed via the first and second keys, respectively; and (5) with at least one processing device associated with the first chiplet, transmitting the some ciphertext to a second chiplet.

Abstract: A lightweight node in a decentralized network includes stores a blockchain with a plurality of blocks. The lightweight node adds blocks to the blockchain successively. A given block having a header and a body. The header includes a data merkle root generated as a root hash of a data merkle tree with one or more leaf nodes that are one or more hashes. A given hash being a hash of a combination of (1) a public key associated with a lightweight node of the decentralized network and (2) of a validity value associated with the public key indicating whether the public key is a valid public key. The data merkle root being insufficient for restoring the data merkle tree. But with a public key and an intermediate hash the date merkle root is sufficient for at least partly verifying the public key.

Abstract: A cryptographic method includes (1) with the first chiplet, parsing a message into one or more message blocks (2) dynamically generating a first target value that is associated with a first key (3) dynamically generating a second target value that is associated with a second key (4) encrypting at least one message block of the at least one or more message blocks to generate some ciphertext, the encryption being performed with at least one operation that includes at least one XOR operation, the at least one XOR operation performed at least in part with the first target value and with at least the second target value, the first target value and the second target value being accessed via the first and second keys, respectively; and (5) with at least one processing device associated with the first chiplet, transmitting the some ciphertext to a second chiplet.

Abstract: A cryptographic method includes at least (1) receiving a message for encryption, (2) encrypting the message to obtain message ciphertext, the encryption including at least one or more operations that include at least one or more XOR operations, (3) computing a tag on a concatenation that includes at least a nonce, the message ciphertext, and other data, (4) encrypting the tag to obtain one or more ordered blocks of tag ciphertext, the encryption including at least one or more operations that include at least one or more XOR operations, (5) appending the one or more ordered blocks of tag ciphertext to the message ciphertext to obtain final ciphertext, and (6) transmitting the final ciphertext to a second chiplet.

Abstract: An unenrolled lightweight node is on a decentralized network with a trusted node and a plurality of peers. The unenrolled lightweight node and the peers run a lightweight blockchain consensus algorithm. The unenrolled lightweight node includes (a) circuitry for storing a token that includes a signature that includes at least a signature of at least a first identifier signed with a private key of the trusted node, the first identifier being associated with a public key of the unenrolled lightweight node, and (b) circuitry for broadcasting a request for blockchain enrollment of the unenrolled lightweight node to the plurality of peers. The authentication request including at least a second identifier that is associated with at least a public key of the unenrolled lightweight node, a signature created with at least the second identifier and a corresponding private key of the unenrolled lightweight node, and the token.

Abstract: A lightweight node in a decentralized network includes stores a blockchain with a plurality of blocks. The lightweight node adds blocks to the blockchain successively. A given block having a header and a body. The header includes a data merkle root generated as a root hash of a data merkle tree with one or more leaf nodes that are one or more hashes. A given hash being a hash of a combination of (1) a public key associated with a lightweight node of the decentralized network and (2) of a validity value associated with the public key indicating whether the public key is a valid public key. The data merkle root being insufficient for restoring the data merkle tree. But with a public key and an intermediate hash the date merkle root is sufficient for at least partly verifying the public key.