Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to methods of scoring a sample containing tumor tissue from a cancer patient. The score is representative of a spatial proximity between at least one pair of cells, a first member of the at least one pair of cells expressing a first biomarker and a second member of the at least one pair of cells expressing a second biomarker that is different from the first biomarker. The score obtained from these methods can be indicative of a likelihood that a patient may respond positively to immunotherapy.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for managing online and offline documents using RFID technology. The method includes: pre-registering online and offline documents using radio frequency identification tag information stored in at least one of the online and offline documents to be output; determining whether the pre-registered online and offline documents are authorized to be output; and if it is determined that the pre-registered online and offline documents are authorized to be output, generating documents of the online and offline documents to be output and storing new radio frequency identification tag information in radio frequency identification tags attached to the documents to be output.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of making a plasma display panel, and more specifically, a method of forming a dielectric layer on an upper substrate of a plasma display panel. According to first embodiment of the present invention, a method of forming a dielectric layer on an upper substrate of a plasma display panel, comprises steps of: forming a plurality of sustain electrodes on the upper substrate, and bus electrodes on the sustain electrodes; forming an electrode discoloration prevention layer which envelops said sustain electrodes and said bus electrodes, said electrode discoloration prevention layer including a green sheet by first casting; forming a penetration rate enhancement layer on the electrode discoloration prevention layer, said penetration rate enhancement layer including a green sheet by second casting.

Abstract: A lignocellulose-based anion-adsorbing medium (LAM) and process for making and using same for selectively removing phosphates and arsenic contaminants from aqueous solutions is disclosed. Making the LAM comprises (a) dissociating cations such as Fe and Al, from their counterions by adding a chemical compound containing said cations to water and acidifying; (b) pelletizing a lignocellulose; (c) adsorbing the cations to the lignocellulose by bringing the lignocellulose into contact with the solution of step (a) and incubating; and, (d) exposing the lignocellulose of step (c) to an alkaline fixing agent to replace hydrogens (H) of the hydroxyl groups of the lignocellulose with the adsorbed cations to produce the LAM with a positive charge. The LAM may be used to selectively and cost-effectively remove phosphate and arsenic contaminants from aqueous solutions by retaining them at the Fe or Al on the LAM.

Abstract: There is provided a doorframe comprising a frame having a first pressing leg with a first pressing surface, a second pressing leg with a second pressing surface facing the first pressing surface and a connecting portion connecting the first pressing leg and the second pressing leg adjacent their upper ends. A portion of a door panel is received between and supported by the first pressing leg and the second pressing leg. The frame is made through extrusion molding. The doorframe is also provided with a friction member disposed between the door panel and at least one of the pressing surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed is an aqueous inorganic expandable refractory composition comprising: 1-3 wt % of a phosphorus-based flame retardant containing a carboxylic acid derivative; 15-20 wt % of a first metal oxide; 48-65 wt % of a second metal oxide containing silicon dioxide; 10-20 wt % of an aluminum hydroxide silicate mineral having a layered structure; and the balance of water. When the composition is heated, closed pores are formed in the composition due to carbon dioxide resulting from the thermal self-decomposition of the phosphorus-based flame retardant. Also, disclosed is a refractory board formed using the composition. Just after the refractory board is heated, the surface thereof is expanded while the thermal stability thereof is increased to suppress the burning thereof. Also, the back surface opposite the heated surface of the refractory board is not influenced by the heating condition of the heated surface, and thus shows no change in the temperature and shape thereof.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided. The heat exchanger includes a tube through which a refrigerant flows, a fin disposed on an outer periphery of the tube, and an agitating member inserted into the tube, and agitating the refrigerant.

Abstract: A heat exchanger and a fin of the same are provided. The heat exchanger includes a tube, a plurality of fins, a slit section, and a condensed water guide. The tube is arranged in at least a front row and a rear row with respect to a direction of airflow. The plurality of fins is installed with the tube passing therethrough. The slit section is formed on the fins and includes a plurality of slits. The condensed water guide is formed between at least the front row and the rear row, for guiding a draining of condensed water that is generated on a surface of the tube. A fin of the heat exchanger includes a plurality of tube insert holes, a slit section, and a condensed water guide. A refrigerant tube is inserted in the plurality of tube insert holes. The slit section includes a plurality of slits formed around the tube insert holes. The condensed water guide is formed at a rear side of one of the slits, and guides a draining of condensed water generated in a heat exchange process between refrigerant and air.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a patch-type nanodermal gel including liposomal nanowater, which can deliver cosmetically active substances, such as those functioning to moisturize the skin, into and through the skin stably and effectively. The patch-type cosmetic composition for transdermal deliver, based on nanodermal gel, comprises nanowater in an amount from 0.01 to 80.0% by weight; a skin-compatible polymer in an amount from 0.01 to 10.0% by weight; and a polyhydric alcohol in an amount from 5.0 to 20.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the nanodermal gel.

Abstract: A backlight assembly includes a switching section for switching on/off an input voltage so as to output a primary voltage in accordance with a control signal; and a voltage boosting section for boosting the primary voltage received at a primary side thereof to a secondary voltage at a secondary side thereof. The primary and secondary sides of the voltage boosting section are electrically isolated from each other. In a feedback link for supplying the control signal from the secondary side to the primary side, a signal isolation section is provided for both transmitting the control signal between and electrically isolating primary side and secondary side portions of the feedback link. Additionally or alternatively, a balancing circuit section is connected between the secondary side of the voltage boosting section and a plurality of lamps so as to uniformly supply an alternating current, generated by the secondary voltage, to the lamps, in order to uniformize the luminances of the lamps.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for manufacturing a front scattering film that provides uniform scattering characteristics for lights emitted from light sources having different wavelengths. The front scattering film is used for backlight units, includes an optically transparent binder having a plurality of spherical dielectric particles dispersed therein, receives lights from at least two light sources having different wavelengths, and reflects white light. The method includes the steps of determining the optically transparent binder, the refractive index of the spherical dielectric particles, and the sizes and concentrations of the spherical dielectric particles in the optically transparent binder. The determination steps are carried out by comparing scattering characteristics, which are calculated using a numerical analysis method based on Mie theory. The scattering characteristics in the frontward direction are significantly greater than the scattering characteristics in the backward direction.

Abstract: A process for making a silver-impregnated lignocellulose (SIL) is disclosed, comprising associating metal cations (Al or Fe) with soluble polymers, penetrating the cation-polymer complex into a lignocellulose matrix; and irreversibly associating the cation- polymer complex with the lignocellulose matrix by drying the lignocellulose matrix, such that leaching will not occur upon rehydration.

Abstract: A reformer that directly receives heat and performs an ATR catalyst reaction and an SR catalyst reaction. The reformer includes: a reforming reactor to reform hydrogen containing fuel into reformed gas having abundant hydrogen by performing an ATR catalyst reaction and an SR catalyst reaction; a heat source contacting one side of the reforming reactor and providing the reforming reactor with heat; and an air feeder to feed the reforming reactor with air by an air flow control unit. Thus, the ATR catalyst reaction featuring a relatively short preheating time is performed while the reformer is initially operated, so that hydrogen can be produced when the reformer is initially operated, thereby efficiently operating a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to erase and program methods of a flash memory device including MLCs for increasing the program speed. In the erase method according to the present invention, MLCs are pre-programmed so that a voltage range in which threshold voltages of MLCs are distributed can be reduced. Therefore, a fail occurrence ratio can be reduced when erasing MLCs, the threshold voltage distribution of MLCs can be improved and an overall program time can be shortened in a subsequent program operation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymeric composite binder which comprises binder polymer and a dispersant chemically bound to the surface of the binder polymer, as well as an electrode slurry, electrode and secondary battery using the same. By virtue of the dispersant chemically bound to the binder polymer surface, the present invention achieves an improvement in the stability of binder latex, an improvement in the dispersion and coating properties of electrode slurry, and also an improvement in the capacity and cycle characteristic of a battery.

Abstract: A metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor for an integrated circuit may be provided on the interlayer insulating layer and covered by a inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer. This IMD layer has at least a first opening therein that exposes an upper surface of a first electrode of the MIM capacitor. This first opening is filled with a first copper damascene interconnect pattern, which may in some embodiments be part of a dual-damascene copper interconnect structure associated with a first and lowermost level of metallization (e.g., M1 wiring layer). This first copper damascene interconnect pattern may have an upper surface that is planar with an upper surface of the IMD layer and a bottom surface that is in contact with the upper surface of the first electrode of the MIM capacitor.

Abstract: A reformer is disclosed for supplying a reformed gas containing hydrogen to a fuel cell. The reformer comprises a heat source; a preheating portion preheated by heat from the heat source; a pipe shaped reforming reaction unit; a carbon monoxide processing unit extending from the reforming reaction unit; and a rugged portion installed on an internal surface of the pipe shaped reforming reaction unit which is heated by the heat source. By using the rugged portion and the extended pipe design, the area heated by the heat source is increased and more heat is recovered, thereby improving thermal efficiency.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrochemical device, which comprises: (A) a binder comprising polymer particles obtained from the polymerization of: (a) 20-70 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer; (b) 20-60 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer; and (c) 0.01-30 parts by weight of an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, based on 100 parts by weight of a binder polymer; and (B) electrochemical cells stacked multiply by using the binder, wherein the binder allows electrode active material particles in an electrode to be fixed and interconnected among themselves and between the electrode active material and a collector, and the electrode and a separator that is in contact with the electrode are bonded to each other by way of hot fusion. The binder is also disclosed. The binder has excellent adhesion and thermal bonding characteristics, and thus is useful for an electrochemical device comprising multiply stacked electrochemical cells, and can improve the overall quality of a battery.

Abstract: Disclosed is a binder, which comprises polymer particles obtained by polymerization of: (a) 1˜80 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer; (b) 1˜20 parts by weight of an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer; and (c) 0.001˜40 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder polymer, and which allows electrode active material particles capable of lithium intercalation/deintercalation to be fixed and linked among themselves, and between the particles and a collector. An electrode comprising the binder, and a lithium secondary battery having the electrode are also disclosed. Further, a method for evaluating interrelation between wettability of a binder to an electrolyte and quality of a battery comprising the binder is disclosed. The binder shows excellent adhesion as well as excellent wettability to an electrolyte, and thus can improve rate characteristics and lifespan characteristics of a battery, when used in an electrode for a lithium secondary battery.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for measuring blood glucose levels, using an electrochemical biosensor provided with a converse-type thin-layer electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell comprising: a working electrode formed on a flat insulating substrate; an auxiliary electrode formed on a separate flat insulating substrate so as to face the working electrode; a fluidity-determining electrode, formed at a predetermined distance from the working electrode on the flat insulating substrate used for the working electrode or the auxiliary electrode; an adhesive spacer, provided with a sample-introducing part having a micro-passage, for spatially separating the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode by being interposed therebetween; an electrode connector, printed with a thick conductive material on a portion of the auxiliary electrode, for three-dimensionally connecting the working electrode to the auxiliary electrode; and a reagent layer containing an electron transfer mediator and an oxidation enzyme.