Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for proposing a solution, based on a survey. The method includes storing indicators in a data format in a database, wherein each of the indicators is transformed from a pattern of responses of respondents related to an issue, transforming a response of a user to the survey to a patterned response, the patterned response in the data format, selecting an indicator to be compared with the patterned response among the indicators, the indicators and the patterned response are being in the same data format, determining one or more issues, based on a comparison of the patterned response and the selected indicator, determining a proposal solution set, based on the one or more issues, and displaying the one or more issues and the proposal solution set on a device of the user.

Abstract: Provided herein is technology relating to calorimetry and particularly, but not exclusively, to apparatuses, methods, and systems for making high-resolution thermodynamic measurements of reactions between gas phase reactants and nanomaterials. For example, the technology can provide thermodynamic measurements with a high heat flow resolution and long term stability at a wide range of temperatures and reaction pressures. The technology is used, for example, to study the thermodynamics of surface reactions and phase transformations in nanomaterials.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device, a power decoupling capacitor array thereof, and a memory system including the same are disclosed. The semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array, a peripheral circuit, and a plurality of power decoupling capacitor arrays. The memory cell array includes a plurality of memory cells, and each of the plurality of memory cells includes a cell capacitor. Each of the plurality of power decoupling capacitor arrays includes m×n power decoupling capacitor sub arrays in an m×n matrix form. Each of the m×n power decoupling capacitor sub arrays includes a plurality of power decoupling capacitors, and each of the plurality of power decoupling capacitors has the same structure as the cell capacitor and the plurality of power decoupling capacitors are connected in parallel.