Abstract: An optical isolator includes a polarizer for receiving an optical signal from an optical signal source, a Faraday rotator disposed on one surface of the polarizer for rotating a polarization of the optical signal output by the polarizer and outputting the same as a rotator output optical signal, and an analyzer disposed on an opposing surface of the polarizer for receiving the rotator output optical signal and for outputting at least a part thereof. The polarizer and the analyzer each include a number of spaced elongated dielectric ridges. Each dielectric ridge has a length direction extending along the one surface of the Faraday rotator, pair of spaced sides that extend away from the one surface of the Faraday rotator and a top extending between the spaced sides opposite the one surface of the Faraday rotator. Each dielectric ridge includes an electrically conductive coating on each side of the dielectric ridge.

Abstract: An optical polarizer includes a dielectric substrate and a number of elongated dielectric ridges positioned or disposed in spaced relation on a surface of the substrate. Each dielectric ridge has a length direction, curved or straight, that extends along the surface of the substrate. Each dielectric ridge also includes a pair of spaced sides that extend away from the surface of the substrate and a top extending between the spaced sides opposite the surface of the substrate. Each side of each dielectric ridge includes an electrically conductive coating.

Abstract: A firmware upgrade method and a firmware upgrade system based on a multi-stream transmission mode of a DisplayPort interface are provided. The firmware upgrade method includes: configuring a host to obtain firmware information of the displays through a DisplayPort auxiliary channel, and select a target display for firmware upgrade; and executing a firmware upgrade process including: configure the host to send a upgrade start command and firmware upgrade data to the target display; and configuring each display to: determine whether the upgrade start command and the firmware upgrade data reach the target display, and if not, send the upgrade start command and the firmware upgrade data to the next display, if so, execute a firmware upgrade preparation process according to the upgrade start command, and write the firmware upgrade data into the firmware storage device of the target display.

Abstract: An embedded system includes a host controller circuit and a microcontroller circuit. The host controller circuit is configured to access a storage device to obtain an address of a first firmware file in the storage device. The microcontroller circuit is configured to determine whether a memory circuit is being accessed by other circuits, in which the memory circuit includes memory blocks. If the memory circuit is not being accessed by the other circuits, the microcontroller circuit is further to control the host controller circuit to write the first firmware file to a first block of the memory blocks according to the address.

Abstract: A storage circuit includes a first storage region, a second storage region, a third storage region, and a fourth storage region. The first storage region stores first firmware data. The second storage region stores second firmware data. The third storage region stores first state data corresponding to the first firmware data. The fourth storage region stores second state data corresponding to the second firmware data. One of the first firmware data and the second firmware data is executed based on the first state data and the second state data. In a situation that the first firmware data is executed, the second firmware data is updated if a firmware updating event occurs.

Abstract: A firmware upgrade method and a firmware upgrade system based on a multi-stream transmission mode of a DisplayPort interface are provided. The firmware upgrade method includes: configuring a host to obtain firmware information of the displays through a DisplayPort auxiliary channel, and select a target display for firmware upgrade; and executing a firmware upgrade process including: configure the host to send a upgrade start command and firmware upgrade data to the target display; and configuring each display to: determine whether the upgrade start command and the firmware upgrade data reach the target display, and if not, send the upgrade start command and the firmware upgrade data to the next display, if so, execute a firmware upgrade preparation process according to the upgrade start command, and write the firmware upgrade data into the firmware storage device of the target display.

Abstract: An embedded system includes a host controller circuit and a microcontroller circuit. The host controller circuit is configured to access a storage device to obtain an address of a first firmware file in the storage device. The microcontroller circuit is configured to determine whether a memory circuit is being accessed by other circuits, in which the memory circuit includes memory blocks. If the memory circuit is not being accessed by the other circuits, the microcontroller circuit is further to control the host controller circuit to write the first firmware file to a first block of the memory blocks according to the address.

Abstract: A system capable of upgrading a firmware in the background and a method for upgrading a firmware in the background are provided. The method for upgrading the firmware in the background partitions the memory module of an electronic device, one user code sector is used to normally execute an initial firmware and an upgrade flow, and the other user code sector is used to store an upgrade firmware.

Abstract: A storage circuit includes a first storage region, a second storage region, a third storage region, and a fourth storage region. The first storage region stores first firmware data. The second storage region stores second firmware data. The third storage region stores first state data corresponding to the first firmware data. The fourth storage region stores second state data corresponding to the second firmware data. One of the first firmware data and the second firmware data is executed based on the first state data and the second state data. In a situation that the first firmware data is executed, the second firmware data is updated if a firmware updating event occurs.

Abstract: A system capable of upgrading a firmware in the background and a method for upgrading a firmware in the background are provided. The method for upgrading the firmware in the background partitions the memory module of an electronic device, one user code sector is used to normally execute an initial firmware and an upgrade flow, and the other user code sector is used to store an upgrade firmware.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for detecting an optical signal-to-noise ratio, a node device, and a network system. The method includes: receiving a detected optical signal carrying amplified spontaneous emission ASE noise; detecting a first alternating current component and a first direct current component of the detected optical signal; acquiring first modulation information of the detected optical signal; acquiring first correction information corresponding to the first modulation information according to the first modulation information; and determining an optical signal-to-noise ratio OSNR of the detected optical signal according to the first alternating current component, the first direct current component, and the first correction information.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for detecting an optical signal-to-noise ratio, a node device, and a network system. The method includes: receiving a detected optical signal carrying amplified spontaneous emission ASE noise; detecting a first alternating current component and a first direct current component of the detected optical signal; acquiring first modulation information of the detected optical signal; acquiring first correction information corresponding to the first modulation information according to the first modulation information; and determining an optical signal-to-noise ratio OSNR of the detected optical signal according to the first alternating current component, the first direct current component, and the first correction information.