Abstract: A sensor system includes a probe, and a photon source configured to direct photons at the probe. The probe can emit light in response to receiving photons. The sensor system can include a photodetector configured to detect the light emitted from the probe, and a configured to cause the photon source to emit photons according to a first time-varying intensity profile having a first frequency. The controller can be configured to receive optical data from the photodetector based on the interaction between the light emitted from the probe and the photodetector. The optical data can include a second time-varying intensity profile having a second frequency. The second frequency can be substantially the same as the first frequency. The controller can be configured to determine a difference in phase between the first time-varying intensity profile and the second time-varying intensity profile, and generate a report based on the difference in phase.

Abstract: A switchable Josephson junction is provided that includes a plurality of ferromagnetic insulators that are defined by their respective magnetic alignments. A first superconducting layer that is positioned between any two of the ferromagnetic insulators, wherein the conductive state is controlled by the relative magnetization orientation of the ferromagnetic insulators where the first superconducting layer is superconducting when the two magnetizations are aligned in antiparallel but it turns normally conducting when the magnetic alignment is parallel. A second superconducting layer is adjacent one of the ferromagnetic layers, wherein Josephson tunneling occurs between the first superconducting layer and second superconducting layer across one of the ferromagnetic layers.

Abstract: A switchable Josephson junction is provided that includes a plurality of ferromagnetic insulators that are defined by their respective magnetic alignments. A first superconducting layer that is positioned between any two of the ferromagnetic insulators, wherein the conductive state is controlled by the relative magnetization orientation of the ferromagnetic insulators where the first superconducting layer is superconducting when the two magnetizations are aligned in antiparallel but it turns normally conducting when the magnetic alignment is parallel. A second superconducting layer is adjacent one of the ferromagnetic layers, wherein Josephson tunneling occurs between the first superconducting layer and second superconducting layer across one of the ferromagnetic layers.