Abstract: After a predetermined period of time has lapsed after transmission of a voice data packet representing a first voice section a second voice data packet representing the same voice section is transmitted. On the receiving end, a value for the transmission quality is determined for the first and for the second voice data packet and the one of the two voice data packets is processed that has the better transmission quality.

Abstract: Method and system for synchronization of base stations in a mobile communications network, in particular for the purpose of a seamless handover, time information is transmitted, possibly on request, to the base stations from a time information server via a local area network. Since base stations which are involved in a seamless handover are generally adjacent, and the respective propagation times and/or propagation time fluctuations of time information differ only slightly in the local area network between the time information server and the base station when the base stations are adjacent, highly accurate synchronization may be achieved, especially for a seamless handover.

Abstract: After a predetermined period of time has lapsed after transmission of a voice data packet representing a first voice section a second voice data packet representing the same voice section is transmitted. On the receiving end, a value for the transmission quality is determined for the first and for the second voice data packet and the one of the two voice data packets is processed that has the better transmission quality.

Abstract: To synchronize communications system components coupled via a communications network, a time information transmitter is provided which is used to transmit time information, possibly on request, relating to the communications system components. The communications system components each have a clock generator, which needs to be synchronized, and a real time clock, where the clock generator both determines the transmission rate for communications data which are to be transmitted and prescribes the time base for the real time clock. In addition, the communications system components each have a comparison device for comparing received time information with a current time value indicated by the real time clock, and a clock frequency controller for regulating the clock frequency of the clock generator on the basis of the comparison result.

Abstract: To synchronize a controllable oscillator with a first reference clock signal, a first phase locked loop having a first phase comparison device is provided. In addition, the synchronous-frequency clock signal from the oscillator is supplied to a second phase comparison device for phase comparison with a second reference clock signal via an inventive phase control element for inserting and removing clock phases. On the basis of the output signal from the second phase comparison device, phase correction information is formed and on the basis of this phase correction information the insertion and removal of clock phases is controlled in the phase control element. If the first reference clock signal disappears, the oscillator is stabilized using the second reference clock signal by taking into account the phase correction information formed previously.

Abstract: A modular system that includes a plurality of modular elements that can be coupled together in a hidden manner with respect to the visible side. The modules are formed as areal, frame-like or three-dimensional shaped parts and are freely combinable with one another. At least substantially flat modular elements or flat modular element regions have a plurality of mutually spaced apart coupling and fixing members that project beyond a boundary edge of the module. Insert grooves are provided at a rear side of the module for the shape-locked and force-transmitting reception of coupling and fixing members of adjacent modules.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining data on hearing quality by measuring distortion products of otoacoustical emissions (DPOAE) in which two primary tones with the frequencies f.sub.1, and f.sub.2 >f.sub.1 and sound pressure levels L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 and at least one sound event having proportions of the frequency f.sub.3 and the sound pressure level L.sub.3 are applied as stimuli to the hearing organ and at least one distortion product of the defined frequency is determined, where the value of f.sub.3 is close to the frequency of the distortion product.

Abstract: At least one connection for the communication exchange and one connection for the communication of frame clock signals is provided between centralized equipment, for example a switching matrix network, and decentralized equipment, for example line trunk groups. The frame clock signals indicate the beginning of a transmission frame utilized for the channel-oriented communication exchange. The operating condition information, for example equipment is "active" or "inactive" are communicated by pulse-duration or pulse-pause modulated or by n-coded pulse duration or pulse-pause-modulated frame clock signals.

Abstract: In addition to a filter phase comparator, an integrator, a first filter and a voltage-controlled oscillator of relatively low stability and having a wide pull-in range, a circuit arrangement for generating a clock signal comprises a frequency generator of high stability having a narrow pull-in range, a second phase comparator and second and third filters. The first phase comparator is supplied with the reference frequency and the clock signal emitted by the voltage-controlled oscillator. The second phase comparator is supplied with the clock signal and a normal frequency generated by a normal frequency generator. In the event of the failure of the reference frequency or the overshooting of predetermined phase difference values, a regulating circuit formed by the second phase comparator, the second filter, the third filter and the voltage-controlled oscillator is closed.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and circuitry for refreshing data stored in a dynamic MOS memory. The refreshing processes proceed independently of data handling in the memory. The duration between successive two refreshing processes is selected such that it is smaller than a predetermined maximum duration by a duration which is associated with a memory process. When during a refreshing process, a reading process is to be executed, the reading process is delayed by means of inserted holding cycles. During execution of memory processes, the execution of a refreshing process is delayed until the memory process is concluded. In the case of a simultaneous appearance of signals which precede a refreshing process and a memory process, a decision unit determines a sequence of execution of the processes.

Abstract: A code generator for text transmission devices emits code characters assigned to subscribers over a trunk line in order to allow a subscriber to be recognized. The code characters are stored in a memory which is formed from electronically operable storage elements and remain unchanged following disconnection of the operating voltage. A write-in control unit is provided for writing the code characters into the memory and a read-out control unit is provided for reading the code characters from the memory. The write-in control unit can be connected by way of a line matching unit to the trunk line by way of which the texts are normally transmitted, and the code characters can be input into the memory from a central position by way of the trunk line.