Abstract: The present description is related to the field of hydrocarbon production by gasification of carbonaceous material. It provides a two-stage gas washing method as a part of gas refining. More specifically it discloses a method for hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide removal from synthesis gas produced by gasification. It introduces a use of a novel combination of wash approaches for this application. As a specific application, this process is utilized as a part of biomass to liquid (BTL) process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method relating to hydrocarbon production by gasification of carbonaceous material, for example, a two-stage gas washing method as a part of gas refining. Disclosed is a method for hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide removal from synthesis gas produced by gasification. Disclosed is a use of a combination of two chemical wash approaches. The process can be utilized as a part of biomass to liquid (BTL) process.

Abstract: A method of purifying a gas stream formed from a process wherein a glyceride containing raw material is converted to hydrocarbon paraffins. The gas stream contains hydrogen or carbon dioxide as a major component and at least one sulphurous component selected from sulphide compounds as an impurity. The gas is contacted with an acidic aqueous wash solution of transition metal ions capable of binding to sulphide ions. A significant portion of the sulphide compounds contained in the gas are bound into practically insoluble transition metal sulphide compounds to remove sulphide compounds from the gas to produce a purified gas. The obtained purified gas is recovered. The method efficiently lowers sulphide concentrations to ppm or sub-ppm level and it can be implemented on an industrial scale with low investment costs. The metal can be recovered.

Abstract: A method of purifying a gas stream formed from a process wherein a glyceride containing raw material is converted to hydrocarbon paraffins. The gas stream contains hydrogen or carbon dioxide as a major component and at least one sulphurous component selected from sulphide compounds as an impurity. The gas is contacted with an acidic aqueous wash solution of transition metal ions capable of binding to sulphide ions. A significant portion of the sulphide compounds contained in the gas are bound into practically insoluble transition metal sulphide compounds to remove sulphide compounds from the gas to produce a purified gas. The obtained purified gas is recovered. The method efficiently lowers sulphide concentrations to ppm or sub-ppm level and it can be implemented on an industrial scale with low investment costs. The metal can be recovered.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method relating to hydrocarbon production by gasification of carbonaceous material, for example, a two-stage gas washing method as a part of gas refining. Disclosed is a method for hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide removal from synthesis gas produced by gasification. Disclosed is a use of a combination of two chemical wash approaches. The process can be utilized as a part of biomass to liquid (BTL) process.

Abstract: The present description is related to the field of hydrocarbon production by gasification of carbonaceous material. It provides a two-stage gas washing method as a part of gas refining. More specifically it discloses a method for hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide removal from synthesis gas produced by gasification. It introduces a use of a novel combination of wash approaches for this application. As a specific application, this process is utilized as a part of biomass to liquid (BTL) process.

Abstract: A method of purifying gas obtained by gasification of a biomass feedstock. The gas which contains carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof can be freed from impurities, such as hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, carbonyl sulphide, hydrogen cyanide and mixtures thereof, by contacting the gas with an acidic aqueous wash solution of transition metal ions capable of binding to sulphide ions, by binding a significant portion of the hydrogen sulphide impurities contained in the gas into practically insoluble transition metal sulphide compounds to remove hydrogen sulphide impurities from the gas; and by separating the thus obtained purified gas from the aqueous solution. The purified gas is suitable for production of hydrocarbon compositions by, for example the Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: A process for dimerizing light olefinic hydrocarbons in a reaction zone containing a solid acidic catalyst. The process comprises recovering a reaction zone effluent which contains unreacted olefinic hydrocarbons, converting the unreacted olefinic hydrocarbons into an intermediate product in the effluent and separating the intermediate product from the effluent. By decomposing the separated intermediate product the unreacted olefinic hydrocarbons can be recovered and recycled to the reaction zone. By means of the invention, the yield of the product and the lifetime of the catalyst can be improved in a direct dimerization process of light olefins.

Abstract: The invention relates to process for dimerizing olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock, to hydrocarbon compositions and to fuel components produced by the process. According to the invention, fresh olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock is fed to a reaction zone of a system including at least one reaction zone and at least one distillation zone. The olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with an acidic catalyst in the presence of an oxygenate at conditions in which at least a part of the olefins dimerizes. The effluent from the reaction zone is conducted to the distillation zone where dimerized reaction product is separated from effluent, and at least one flow comprising oxygenate is withdrawn from the side of at least one distillation column. The flow is circulated from distillation zone back to dimerization. The reaction mixture is recovered and optionally hydrogenated to form a parafinic reaction product.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process and an apparatus for producing ether and the use of a dimerised reaction product as the olefinic feedstock in etherification. According to the present process alcohol and C8-C12 olefin(s) are fed to a first reaction zone (21-25) comprising at least one reactor, the olefin(s) and alcohol are subjected to an etherification reaction in the presence of an acidic catalyst. The effluent from the first reaction zone (21-25) is fed to a fractionation zone (26). From the fractionation zone (26) is withdrawn a side-flow which is conducted either back to the first reaction zone (21-25) or to a second reaction zone. The effluent of the first reaction zone (21-25) or the second reaction zone is circulated back to the fractionation zone (26), and the ether is recovered from the fractionation zone (26).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the treatment of a gas stream obtained from the production of polyolefins and containing unreacted compounds. According to the process, uncondensed compounds are removed from the gas stream and, when so desired, these compounds are directed to further treatment. According to the invention, the uncondensed compounds are separated from the gas stream by membrane separation. Thus the separation of gases is facilitated, since by coupling the membrane system in conjunction with distillation columns the distillation can be carried out at a substantially higher top temperature. By using the membrane system it is possible effectively to remove the lightest gases, which would otherwise accumulate in the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of polyolefins in a reactor system which comprises at least one gas-phase reactor with at least one monomer is polymerized. According to the process, there is fed into the gas-phase reactor the monomer to be polymerized and possibly a polymer-containing fluid. According to the invention, before being fed into the gas-phase reactor, the fluid is subjected to a phase change in order to separate uncondensed compounds from liquid and possibly solid compounds. The gas including the uncondensed compound is recovered, and hydrogen is separated from the gas by membrane separation. The invention can be applied to the removal of hydrogen from the circulation gas of a gas-phase reactor, for example in order to change the polyolefin grade to be produced.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for preparing a tertiary alkyl ether product. The process comprises reacting the isoolefins of an olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock in a reaction zone (1-3) with an alkanol to form a reaction mixture, which is subjected to distillation in a first distillation zone (4). The bottoms product of the first distillation contains the ether(s), whereas the overhead stream contains unreacted alkanol and a mixture of light hydrocarbons. The overhead stream is subjected to a second distillation in a second distillation zone (15). The overhead product of the second distillation mainly contains the lightest hydrocarbons and a small amount of alkanol, and the bottoms product contains an essentially oxygenate-free hydrocarbon stream which can be used as such for alkylation. In order to increase the conversion of the process, a side drawoff is withdrawn from the second distillation zone (15) and recirculated to the reaction zone (1-3).

Abstract: The invention concerns a process and an apparatus for preparing tertiary ethers. According to the process, C.sub.4 to C.sub.6 isoolefins and possibly heavier olefins contained in the feedstock are reacted with lower aliphatic alcohols, in particular methanol or ethanol, in a catalytic distillation reactor system in order to produce the corresponding ethers. According to the invention, the reaction between the isoolefins and the alcohols is essentially carried out in at least one reactor (5-7) of the kind, which is combined with a distillation column (3) intended for product separation, by conducting at least a part of the liquid flow of the column through the reactor and returning it to a lower tray than the one from which it was taken. At least half of cation exchange resin is placed in the side reactor (5-7). In the process according to the invention, the catalyst can be rapidly changed without stopping the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing tertiary alkyl ethers. According to the process the feedstock containing hydrocarbons is fed to a catalytic distillation reactor system, in which the isoolefines, in particular the C.sub.4 to C.sub.7 isoolefines, of the feed are reacted with an alkanol in the presence of a cation exchange resin in order to produce tertiary alkyl ether products. The reaction product containing the ethers is removed from the distillation system as the bottoms product and, if necessary, it is subjected to an additional treatment for producing a gasoline component. The unreacted alkanol is removed as the overhead product of the distillation. According to the invention, the distillate withdrawn mainly contains an azeotrope of C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and alkanol, the C.sub.4 amount of which at least approximately corresponds to the C.sub.4 hydrocarbon concentration of the hydrocarbon feed, a substantial amount of the unreacted alkanol being removed in the form of said azeotrope.