Abstract: A method for testing remote transponders. In the method, a radio-frequency transponder is excited by sending an excitation command having a minimum threshold transmission power with the aid of a first electromagnetic field and the response of the radio-frequency transponder to the excitation command is measured with the aid of a second electromagnetic field in order to test if a corresponding received power threshold is exceeded. One of the fields is a radiating field and the other of the fields is a reactive field. The need to test transponders separately from other transponders and the need to inactivate or screen other transponders in the vicinity of the transponder being measured is eliminated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for analysing radio-frequency systems. Such a device comprises means for detecting radio-frequency electromagnetic signals, and means for determining at least one analog property of the radio-frequency signal received form the reader. According to the invention, the device further comprises means for producing an electromagnetic excitation signal in order to excite the radio-frequency tag, and means for determining at least one analog property of the return signal received from the radio-frequency tag. The device permits the effective analysis of RFID systems, for example, in system-installation and error-searching situations.

Abstract: The method relates to a method of characterizing a radio link. In the method, a radio frequency interrogator and a first radio frequency transponder, the response of which in an essentially anechoic chamber is known, are utilized. According to the invention, the response of the first radio frequency transponder is measured in a target environment in the chosen interrogator-transponder geometry and the responses of the radio frequency transponder in the target environment and in an essentially anechoic chamber are compared for characterizing the actual radio link. The invention provides information on multi-path propagation of radio waves characteristic to the target environment, which can be further taken into account in, for example, RFID system design.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and system for testing remote transponders. In the method, a radio-frequency transponder is excited with the aid of a first electromagnetic field and the response of the radio-frequency transponder is measured with the aid of a second electromagnetic field. According to the invention, one of said fields is a radiating field and the other of said fields is a reactive field. The invention eliminates the need to test transponders separately from other transponders and the need to inactivate or screen other transponders in the vicinity of the transponder being measured.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for analysing radio-frequency systems. Such a device comprises means for detecting radio-frequency electromagnetic signals, and means for determining at least one analog property of the radio-frequency signal received form the reader. According to the invention, the device further comprises means for producing an electromagnetic excitation signal in order to excite the radio-frequency tag, and means for determining at least one analog property of the return signal received from the radio-frequency tag. The device permits the effective analysis of RFID systems, for example, in system-installation and error-searching situations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a marking electromagnetically readable from a substrate, a method for producing such a marking, and a memory medium. The marking comprises first areas on a substrate at a distance to each, which comprise at least one electrically conductive material and the electrical conductivity of which is greater than a defined threshold value, and second areas arranged between the first areas, the electrical conductivity of which second areas is less than or equal to the said threshold value. According to the invention, at least two first areas differ substantially from each other in electrical conductivity. With the aid of the invention it is possible to create a marking, the amount of information contained in which is many times that contained in previous electrical markings.