Abstract: A solar cell includes a photoelectric conversion layer, a doped layer, a first passivation layer, a first TCO layer, a front electrode and a back electrode. The doped layer is disposed on the front surface of the photoelectric conversion layer. The first passivation layer is disposed on the doped layer, wherein the first passivation layer has a plurality of openings exposing a portion of the doped layer. The first TCO layer is disposed on the first passivation layer and in the openings, and directly contacts the exposed doped layer via the openings, wherein a ratio of an area of the openings to an area of the first TCO layer is between 0.01 and 0.5. The front electrode is disposed on the first TCO layer. The back electrode is disposed on the back surface of the photoelectric conversion layer.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a photoelectric conversion layer, a doped layer, a first passivation layer, a first TCO layer, a front electrode and a back electrode. The doped layer is disposed on the front surface of the photoelectric conversion layer. The first passivation layer is disposed on the doped layer, wherein the first passivation layer has a plurality of openings exposing a portion of the doped layer. The first TCO layer is disposed on the first passivation layer and in the openings, and directly contacts the exposed doped layer via the openings, wherein a ratio of an area of the openings to an area of the first TCO layer is between 0.01 and 0.5. The front electrode is disposed on the first TCO layer. The back electrode is disposed on the back surface of the photoelectric conversion layer.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a silicon substrate, a passivation structure, and a metal electrode. The passivation structure is disposed on a surface of the silicon substrate, and the passivation structure includes a tunneling layer and a doped polysilicon layer. The tunneling layer is disposed on the surface of the silicon substrate. The doped polysilicon layer is disposed on the tunneling layer and includes a first region and a second region having different thicknesses from each other, and the thickness of the first region is greater than that of the second region, wherein the thickness of the first region is between 50 nm and 500 nm, and the thickness of the second region is greater than 0 and equal to or less than 250 nm. The metal electrode is disposed on the first region of the doped polysilicon layer.